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VerylargescaleintegrationWikipedia
Verylargescaleintegration
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Verylargescaleintegration(VLSI)istheprocessofcreatinganintegratedcircuit(IC)bycombiningthousands
oftransistorsintoasinglechip.VLSIbeganinthe1970swhencomplexsemiconductorandcommunication
[Link]
[Link]
CPU,ROM,[Link].
Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
History
Developments
Structureddesign
Struggles
Seealso
References
Furtherreading
Externallinks
AVLSIintegratedcircuitdie
History
TheHistoryofthetransistordatestothemid1920swhenseveralinventorsattempteddevicesthatwereintended
[Link],whenthe
[Link]
[Link]
transistorsatBellLabsin1947,thefieldofelectronicsshiftedfromvacuumtubestosolidstatedevices.
Withthesmalltransistorattheirhands,electricalengineersofthe1950ssawthepossibilitiesofconstructingfar
[Link],problemsarose.[1]
[Link],likeacomputer,[Link]
componentsofthecomputerweretoolargeorthewiresinterconnectingthemtoolong,theelectricsignalscouldn't
travelfastenoughthroughthecircuit,thusmakingthecomputertooslowtobeeffective.[1]
[Link]'sideawastomakeallthe
componentsandthechipoutofthesameblock(monolith)ofsemiconductormaterial.InSeptember1958,hisfirst
integratedcircuitwasready.[1][Link]
sameblockofmaterialandaddingtheconnectionsasalayerontop,therewasnoneedfordiscretecomponents,to
[Link],andthemanufacturingprocesscouldbeautomated.
Thisledtotheideaofintegratingallcomponentsonasinglesiliconwafercameintoexistence,whichledto
developmentinsmallscaleintegration(SSI)intheearly1960s,mediumscaleintegration(MSI)inthelate1960s,
andthenlargescaleintegration(LSI)aswellasVLSIinthe1970sand1980s,withtensofthousandsoftransistors
onasinglechip(laterhundredsofthousands,thenmillions,andnowbillions(109)).
Developments
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[Link],andasa
consequence,[Link]
onlyafewdevices,perhapsasmanyastendiodes,transistors,resistorsandcapacitors,makingitpossibleto
[Link](SSI),
improvementsintechniqueledtodeviceswithhundredsoflogicgates,knownasmediumscaleintegration(MSI).
Furtherimprovementsledtolargescaleintegration(LSI),[Link]
technologyhasmovedfarpastthismarkandtoday'smicroprocessorshavemanymillionsofgatesandbillionsof
individualtransistors.
Atonetime,[Link]
likeultralargescaleintegration(ULSI)[Link]
[Link]
integrationarenolongerinwidespreaduse.
In2008,[Link]
[Link],unlike
theearliestdevices,useextensivedesignautomationandautomatedlogicsynthesistolayoutthetransistors,
[Link]
theSRAM(staticrandomaccessmemory)cell,arestilldesignedbyhandtoensurethehighestefficiency.
Structureddesign
StructuredVLSIdesignisamodularmethodologyoriginatedbyCarverMeadandLynnConwayforsaving
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
hierarchicalnesting.
StructuredVLSIdesignhadbeenpopularintheearly1980s,butlostitspopularitylaterbecauseoftheadventof
placementandroutingtoolswastingalotofareabyrouting,whichistoleratedbecauseoftheprogressofMoore's
[Link]'1970s,ReinerHartensteincoinedthe
term"structuredVLSIdesign"(originallyas"structuredLSIdesign"),echoingEdsgerDijkstra'sstructured
programmingapproachbyprocedurenestingtoavoidchaoticspaghettistructuredprogram
Struggles
Asmicroprocessorsbecomemorecomplexduetotechnologyscaling,microprocessordesignershaveencountered
severalchallengeswhichforcethemtothinkbeyondthedesignplane,andlookaheadtopostsilicon:
ProcessvariationAsphotolithographytechniquesgetclosertothefundamentallawsofoptics,achieving
highaccuracyindopingconcentrationsandetchedwiresisbecomingmoredifficultandpronetoerrorsdue
[Link]
certifiedreadyforproduction,orusesystemleveltechniquesfordealingwitheffectsofvariation.[2]
StricterdesignrulesDuetolithographyandetchissueswithscaling,designrulesforlayouthavebecome
[Link]
[Link],withmanydesignhousesoptingto
switchtoelectronicdesignautomation(EDA)toolstoautomatetheirdesignprocess.
Timing/designclosureAsclockfrequenciestendtoscaleup,designersarefindingitmoredifficultto
[Link]
ledtoarisinginterestinmulticoreandmultiprocessorarchitectures,sinceanoverallspeedupcanbe
obtainedevenwithlowerclockfrequencybyusingthecomputationalpowerofallthecores.
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FirstpasssuccessAsdiesizesshrink(duetoscaling),andwafersizesgoup(duetolowermanufacturing
costs),thenumberofdiesperwaferincreases,andthecomplexityofmakingsuitablephotomasksgoesup
[Link]
deterstheolditerativephilosophyinvolvingseveral"spincycles"tofinderrorsinsilicon,andencourages
[Link],
includingdesignformanufacturing(DFM),designfortest(DFT),andDesignforX.
Seealso
Neuromorphicengineering
Applicationspecificintegratedcircuit
CaltechCosmicCube
Designruleschecking
Electronicdesignautomation
Mead&Conwayrevolution
Polysilicon
References
1."TheHistoryoftheIntegratedCircuit".[Link].Retrieved21Apr2012.
2."ASurveyOfArchitecturalTechniquesforManagingProcessVariation([Link]
063_A_Survey_Of_Architectural_Techniques_for_Managing_Process_Variation)",ACMComputingSurveys,2015
Furtherreading
Baker,[Link](2010).CMOS:CircuitDesign,Layout,andSimulation,[Link].
p.1174.ISBN9780470881323.[Link]
Weste,NeilH.E.&Harris,DavidM.(2010).CMOSVLSIDesign:ACircuitsandSystemsPerspective,
[Link]:Pearson/AddisonWesley.p.840.ISBN9780321547743.
[Link]
Chen,WaiKai(ed)(2006).TheVLSIHandbook,SecondEdition(ElectricalEngineeringHandbook).Boca
Raton:CRC.ISBN084934199X.
Mead,[Link],Lynn(1980).[Link]:AddisonWesley.
ISBN0201043580.
Externallinks
LecturesonDesignandImplementationofVLSISystemsatBrownUniversity([Link]
u/classes/EN1600S08/)
ListofVLSIcompaniesaroundtheworld([Link]
c=display&Itemid=44&catid=30/)
DesignofVLSISystems([Link]
CompleteVLSIDesignFlow([Link]
Retrievedfrom"[Link]
Categories: Telecommunicationsengineering Integratedcircuits
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon15January2017,at12:02.
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