ROBOTC 1
Technical Sketching
Worksheets
Why is sketching important? ......................................................page 2
Sketching proportionally correct circles .....................................page 3
General dimensioning rules.................................................. pages 4-5
Standard line conventions .........................................................page 6
Precision Measurement .............................................................page 7
Sketching the Bearing Block...................................................... page 8
Dimensioning the Bearing Block ................................................page 9
Sketching the Gusset ..............................................................page 10
Dimensioning the VEX Gusset .................................................page 11
Sketching the VEX Plus Gusset ...............................................page 12
Dimensioning the VEX Pivot Part............................................ page 13
Dimensioning the VEX Plus Gusset ........................................page 14
Pattern Development ..............................................................page 15
Pictorial Sketches Worksheet .................................................page 16
Fastener Worksheet and Guide...................................................page 17
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2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
ROBOTC 2
Why Is Sketching Important?
The process of engineering begins with an idea. The ability to communicate many technical ideas
requires a translation from thoughts into pictures. A quick way to share an idea is through a technical
sketch. Technical sketching is a tool used by engineers and inventors. If the idea turns out to be a good
one, these first sketches are turned into detailed CAD drawings or solid models, which include measurements and other critical details. The initial sketches can be used to develop the first prototypes.
The freehand sketch is the first step taken to turn an idea into reality.
Developing Proper Sketching Technique
All two-dimensional pictures can be broken into straight lines and curved lines. The next couple of
exercises will help the novice to develop good sketching technique. We will start by practicing straight,
parallel lines.
Things to remember:
1. Hold your pencil loosely.
2. Lock your wrist and move your whole arm as you sketch straight lines.
3. Guide the pencil with your eye by continually looking in the direction you would like the pencil to go.
4. Keep your lines light and consistent.
Straight lines
Sketch Exercise One
Begin by selecting a sharp pencil and a blank piece
of paper. In this sketching exercise you will sketch
straight, light lines. Keep your lines evenly spaced
all the way down the paper. Initially, you may want
to place a couple of light points that you can use
as guides. Soon you will be sketching straight, light
lines easily. Remember to look in the direction you
would like the pencil to move. Keep all lines light.
Hold the pencil loosely.
step
one
sketch exercise one
step
two
step
three
step
four
Sketching a Square
1. Sketch the top of the square, keeping the line parallel to
the top of the paper.
2. Sketch the bottom of the square, keeping the line
parallel to the first line.
3. Sketch the side, keeping the line perpendicular to the
first two lines.
4. Sketch the last line, making sure that the last line is
sketched in a position that makes both sides of the square
equal.
Sketch Exercise Two
Begin with a blank sheet of scrap paper. Sketch a small square
in the middle of the paper. Sketch another square around the
first square. Maintain an equal distance between squares.
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sketch exercise two
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
ROBOTC 3
Sketching Proportionally Correct Curves and Circles
You do not have to be an artist to accurately and neatly lay out your ideas using technical
sketching methods. A good example of layout is demonstrated at the right - laying out a
circle. A circle fits perfectly into a square. In order to draw proportionally correct circles, use
1.
the following sequence:
1. Begin by sketching a square.
2. Divide the square into four even areas.
2.
3.- 6. Complete the four semi-circles.
Note: Remember to keep all of your lines light. Darken your lines when the sketch is correct.
Sketch exercise three
This sketching exercise is designed to give the beginner practice sketching straight and
curved lines while keeping even spacing. Start by sketching a square in the middle of
your paper. Then continue to add squares and circles until the paper is filled.
3.
4.
Additional Sketching Exercises
Use blank sheets of paper to sketch the shapes shown in
the boxes below. You will need a sharp pencil. For extra
practice, try sketching simple objects in the room.
5.
Things to remember:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dont grip the pencil too tightly.
Keep developmental lines light.
Darken object lines when your drawing is complete.
Maintain proper proportion.
Keep your drawings neat.
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6.
sketch exercise three
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
ROBOTC 4
General Dimensioning Rules
Extension lines and dimension lines
-The first dimension line is spaced a minimum of 3/8 or 10 mm from the view and 1/4 or 6 mm for additional dimensions. All dimension, extension, and leader lines should be thin, sharp, and dark.
-Extension lines are started about 1/16 or 1 mm from the object and extend beyond the last dimension
line about 1/8 or 2 mm.
Extension Line
Dimension Line
4.75
Extension lines
do not touch
object lines
Approximately 3/8
-When all of the dimension values are expressed in inches, the inch symbol () is omitted. For decimal
values of less than 1 inch, omit the zero in front of the decimal point: eg. .25 or .875.
Dimensioning Practices
-Dimensions not required for manufacturing a part should be omitted.
-Overall dimensions are placed outside the smaller dimensions. With the overall dimension given, one
of the smaller distances is not dimensioned unless it is needed for reference, in which case it should be
indicated by placing brackets around the value.
.8125
3.5
5.6
.625
.2
.55
.75
Leaders and Center Lines
-When dimensioning circles, use a leader and center lines.
-Use an R to indicate radius dimensions, and a
() symbol to indicate diameter dimensions.
.375R
1.9
Leader
Center Line
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ROBOTC 5
General Dimensioning Rules (continued)
-On circular end parts, the center-to-center dimension is given instead of an overall dimension.
.75 R
2.45
Size and Location Dimensions
There are two types of dimensions: size dimensions and location dimensions. In the example below,
the size dimensions are noted by the letter S and the location dimensions by the letter L.
S
S
S
L
For every rule there
is an exception. The
dimensioning rules given
in this handout are introductory in nature and are
not meant to replace an
engineering drawing text.
L
S
Common Dimensioning Practices
-Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines.
-Place dimensions in views where the shape and location of the object is seen best.
-Avoid placing dimensions on the object if possible.
-Select one size for ALL dimensions/text.
-No more than two dimensions may be chained.
-All dimensions have a tolerance, either local (attached to the dimension), in a note, or general (tolerance block).
-Crossing of extension lines or dimension lines should be avoided if possible. Where such crossings
are unavoidable, there should be no break in either of the lines. However, if extension lines cross
dimension lines through the arrowheads, the extension line may be broken.
-Do not repeat dimensions on the same view or in other views.
-When a dimension figure has been changed so that it no longer agrees with the actual scaled distance on the drawing, it is customary to underline it with a wavy line or mark it NTS (not to scale).
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2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
ROBOTC 6
Standard Line Conventions for Technical Drawing
Technical drawing is a universal language. Engineers around the world use the
same line conventions for all drawings. This allows them to share information quickly
and accurately. Pictured below are standard line conventions used by engineers
internationally. For more detailed information consult an engineering drawing text.
VISIBLE LINES
1.
HIDDEN LINES
2.
SECTION
LINES
3.
CENTER
LINES
DIMENSION
LINE
EXTENSION
LINE AND
LEADER
CUTTING
PLANE LINE
OR VIEWING
PLANE LINE
Thick
Thin
Thin
Thin
4.
5.
Leader
Extension Line
6.
7.
Dimension Line
Thin
4.75
sketch exercise two
8.
9.
Thick
Thick
Thick
BREAK LINE
10.
PHANTOM
LINE
11.
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Thin
Thin
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
ROBOTC 7
Precision Measurement
PRACTICE in MEASUREMENT
Use a caliper, micrometer, or steel rule tool to find the sizes of the following parts.
Round all answers to the the closest .005 of an inch.
Find the corresponding distance for letters A through L.
A.
B.
Standoff
C.
C.
A.
G.
B.
H.
C.
I.
D.
J.
E.
K.
F.
L.
L.
D.
I.
E.
F.
J.
K.
G.
H.
Bearing Flat
Pivot
NAME
VEX Cortex Video Trainer Using ROBOTC
DATE
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
NAME
VEX Cortex Video Trainer Using ROBOTC
FRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW
Use developmental lines and object lines, keep views aligned,
maintain proper proportion, and keep the sketch neat.
Use the actual physical piece or the supplied photo as a reference.
Use the empty boxes below to sketch the bearing block.
SKETCHING THE BEARING BLOCK
Front
RIGHT VIEW
Bearing Block
Assessment Rubric
Use developmental lines and object lines
Views aligned
Sketch proper proportion
Sketch correct
Sketch neat
7- A 6- B 5- C 4- D
1 pt
1 pt
1 pt
2 pts
2 pts
ROBOTC 8
The Bearing Block
DATE
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
Sketch the bearing block in the area below. Use all of the allotted
area to sketch your solution. After you complete the sketch, add
dimensions to the drawing. Be sure to include center lines, hidden
lines, and sizes of circles and arcs, as well as all appropriate notes.
DIMENSIONING THE BEARING BLOCK
Front
NAME
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Bearing Block
Assessment Rubric
Use developmental lines and object lines
Measurements correct
Sketch proper proportion
Sketch dimensioned
Size dimensions correct
Location dimensions correct
Extension lines correct
Dimension lines correct
10- A 9- B 8- C 7- D
2 pts
2 pts
1 pt
1 pt
1 pt
2 pt
1 pt
ROBOTC 9
DATE
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
NAME
VEX Cortex Video Trainer Using ROBOTC
FRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW
Use developmental lines and object lines, keep views aligned,
maintain proper proportion, and keep the sketch neat.
Use the actual physical piece or the supplied photo as a reference.
Use the empty boxes below to sketch the gusset.
SKETCHING THE GUSSET
Front
RIGHT VIEW
Gusset
Assessment Rubric
Use developmental lines and object lines
Views aligned
Sketch proper proportion
Sketch correct
Sketch neat
7- A 6- B 5- C 4- D
1 pt
1 pt
1 pt
2 pts
2 pts
ROBOTC 10
The Gusset
DATE
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
ROBOTC 11
Dimensioning the Vex Pivot Part
Sketch the front view of the Vex pivot part shown at the right.
Use a caliper, micrometer, or rule to find the size and location
of all geometry used to lay out the Vex pivot part. Layout a
properly proportioned sketch of the Vex pivot part.
Dimension the front view sketch of the pivot part.
Assessment Rubric
Use developmental lines and object lines
Measurements correct
Sketch proper proportion
Sketch dimensioned
Size dimensions correct
Location dimensions correct
Extension lines correct
Dimension lines correct
10- A 9- B 8- C 7- D
1 pt
2 pt
1 pt
2 pts
2 pts
1 pt
1 pt
Front
Pivot
Vex Pivot Part - sketched approximately 3 to 1 scale
NAME
VEX Cortex Video Trainer Using ROBOTC
DATE
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
NAME
VEX Cortex Video Trainer Using ROBOTC
FRONT VIEW
Use developmental lines and object lines to lay out the plus
gusset. Because of its thickness, you are only required to
sketch the front view. Maintain proper proportion and keep
the sketch neat.
Use the actual physical piece or the supplied photo as a reference.
Use the empty boxes below to sketch the plus gusset.
SKETCHING THE Plus Gusset
Front
Plus Gusset
Assessment Rubric
Use developmental lines
Straight dark object lines
Sketch proper proportion
Sketch correct
Sketch neat
7- A 6- B 5- C 4- D
1 pt
1 pt
1 pt
2 pts
2 pts
ROBOTC 12
The Plus Gusset
DATE
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
ROBOTC 13
Dimensioning the Vex Gusset
Sketch the front and side view of the Vex gusset shown at the right.
Use a caliper, micrometer, or rule to find the size and location of all
geometry used to layout the gusset pictured at the right.
Layout a properly proportioned sketch of the gusset.
Dimension both views of the gusset.
Assessment Rubric
Use developmental lines and object lines
Measurements correct
Sketch proper proportion
Sketch dimensioned
Size dimensions correct
Location dimensions correct
Extension lines correct
Dimension lines correct
10- A 9- B 8- C 7- D
1 pt
2 pts
1 pt
Front
2 pts
2 pts
1 pt
1 pt
Front
Gusset
Right Side
Vex Gusset - sketched approximately 2 to 1 scale
NAME
VEX Cortex Video Trainer Using ROBOTC
DATE
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
ROBOTC 14
Dimensioning the Vex Plus Gusset
Sketch the front view of the Vex plus gusset shown at the right.
Use a caliper, micrometer, or rule to find the size and location of
all geometry used to lay out the Vex plus gusset.
Assessment Rubric
Use developmental lines and object lines
Measurements correct
Sketch proper proportion
Sketch dimensioned
Size dimensions correct
Location dimensions correct
Extension lines correct
Dimension lines correct
10- A 9- B 8- C 7- D
1 pt
2 pt
1 pt
2 pts
2 pts
1 pt
1 pt
Front
Plus
Gusset
Vex Plus Gusset - sketched approximately 3 to 1 scale
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ROBOTC 15
Pattern Development
A pattern development of an object is a representation where the surface of the object is stretched out
on a plane. In the sheet metal trade, a development is
referred to as a pattern or a stretch-out.
Figure 1. When designing with the Vex Robotics kits,
you may need to create your own pattern developments
to complete an attachment or gripper for your robot.
Patterns can be made out of paper, cardboard, plastic,
and sheet metal. Paper or cardboard models should be
made before you make your piece out of sheet metal.
Figure 1 Pictured above is an example of
The final fit and accuracy of the part will depend on
a pattern development. The dashed lines
the accuracy of the measurement and layout of your
represent fold lines
drawing.
Finishing/Joining Pattern Developments
There are many ways that your pattern development can be joined. How you fasten your
pattern development together will be determined by the material that you are using. Pattern
developments can be folded, soldered, riveted, or bolted together. Figure 2 (below) provides
examples of the types of joints commonly used on sheet metal.
Figure 2 Shows examples of joints commonly used with sheetmetal
Bend Allowance
When planning pattern developments, it is necessary to plan for a bend allowance. The bend
allowance is the material that will be stretched when the fold is made (Figure 3). The material
allowed for the corners is called the bend allowance. Bend allowance is calculated with
variables for the smallest radius of the bend (R), the thickness of the metal (T), and the angle
of the bend (B).
Figure 3.
BA = (.01745 R + .0078 T)B
In Figure 3. given R = 5/16; T = .040; B = 135 degrees
BA = [(.01745*.312) + (.0078*.040)]135
= (.0054 + .0003)135
.....= .7695
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The total length of the pattern = C + BA + D
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
ROBOTC 16
Pictorial Sketches
Isometric Pictorial - A drawing where length, width, and height are represented by lines 120
degrees apart, with all measurements in the same scale. When sketching in isometric, begin
with the isometric axis (Figure 1). Next, make an isometric cube (Figure 2) with the same
proportions as the object that you are sketching. Use the crating technique to complete the
sketch.
Figure 2.
Figure 1.
Isometric Cube
Isometric Axis
Oblique Pictorials - There are two types of oblique pictorials: cabinet and cavalier. Cabinet
oblique pictorial views (Figure 3.) are commonly used to quickly sketch ideas. The height and
length axes are at a 90 angle and the width axis is usually at 45 to horizontal. Height and
length dimensions are actual size but the width dimension is divided in half.
Cavalier oblique pictorial views (Figure 4.) are commonly used for drawing thin objects that
do not have a lot of width. The height and length axes are at a 90 angle and the width axis is
usually at 45 to horizontal. Height, width, and length dimensions are actual size.
45o
Figure 3.
Cavalier Oblique
Pictorial Cube
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1/2 Depth
Figure 4.
Cabinet Oblique
Pictorial Cube
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
ROBOTC 17
Screw Head Types
1.
Hex Head Screw- Hex head screws can take a lot
of torque and can be driven in and out with a socket
type wrench.
2.
Button head Screw Button head screws are round
at the top so that they do not catch on anything.
3.
Flathead Screw Flathead screws have tapers that
guide.
4.
Set Screws Set screws are case hardened and
are used to fasten pulleys and collars on shafts.
5.
Allen Head Screws Allen head screws have more
torquing power and are recessed into a counter
bored hole.
6.
Pan Head Screws Pan head screws have a small
flat with a round top that can be slightly recessed
into a counter bored hole.
Directions
Sketch and label the appropriate views of
the nuts and bolts below.
1.
2.
3.
6.
5.
4.
Nuts/Fasteners
7.
Nylon Insert Lock Nuts or self-locking nuts,
eliminate the needs for washers.
8.
Wing Nuts named for the two flat wings and are
used when the nut has to be turned by the thumb
and the forefinger.
9.
Weld Nuts These are specialty type nuts used to
attach parts to a frame.
10. Kep Lock Nuts These nuts have a greater holding
power and reduce assembly time.
9.
8
7.
11.
10.
9.
11. Coupling Nuts These nuts are used to provide
clearance between parts.
Socket and Screw Head Drives
Drives are the slots, grooves, and holes used on
the screw heads. Two different types of drives are
socket head drives and screw head drives.
12.
14.
13.
12. Slotted A flathead screwdriver is used to insert the
screw.
13. Phillips A phillips head screwdriver is used to
insert the screw. A phillips head drive is easier to
locate than a standard driver.
14. Hex Hex drives have an external hex shape and
can also take the large amount of torque that is
generated by a socket wrench.
15 Socket Head Drives - can take a large amount of
torque. They have an internal hex shape.
16 Phillips/Slotted This versatile drive lets you use
either a phillips or a slotted drive.
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15.
16.
Assessment Rubric
Use developmental lines
Use object lines
Sketch proper proportion
Sketch correct
Sketch neat
7- A 6- B 5- C 4- D
1 pt
1 pt
1 pt
2 pts
2 pts
2013 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy
