Passive Optical Networks

Introduction

Aug, 2009

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Overview

• Why PON (Passive Optical Network)

• PON Architecture & Applications

• PON Technology

• Next Generation

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More and More bandwidth for more and more services

HDTV
with interactive programs, on multiple
TV sets or PCs

VOD movies and programs

streaming or download

video games
on-line or download

video blogs / online photos

for digital cameras and camcorders

online storage and back-up

data security for consumers and SoHo's

simultaneous and symmetrical usage

multiple equipments

New needs emerging beyond what adsl and cable provide

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Bandwidth in Access Network

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FTTH is enabling new usage patterns right now

fiber access ADSL access

download and download at upload at

upload at 100mbps 8mbps 1mbps

full HD quality movie 30 Gb 40min >8h >66h

4.8
DVD quality movie 6min 30s 1h 20min >10h
Gb

800
amateur quality video 1min 13 min 1h 40min
Mb

20 photos with
480
uncompressed 8M 40s 8 min > 1h
Mb
pixels

10 MP3 music tracks 40Mb 3s 40 sec 5 min

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FTTH modes
• Point-to-Piont (Star)
• N/2N fibers
N/2N fiber
• 2N transceivers 2N transceivers

PTP N subscribers
• Active Optical Network (AON)
• Minimum fiber
Minimum fiber
• 2N ＋ 2 transceivers 2N+2 transceivers
• Electrical Power in the field
PTP Curb N subscribers

• PON-P2MP
• Minimum fiber
Minimum fiber
• N ＋ 1 transceivers N+1 transceivers
• Minimum fibers / space in CO
PTMP
• No electrical power in field N subscribers
• Uniform management
• Downstream broadcast (Video)

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Overview

• Why PON

• PON Architecture & Applications

• PON Technology

• Next Generation

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PON Architecture

OLT: Optical Line Terminal ODN: Optical Distribution Network ONU: Optical Network Unit

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PON Architecture (cont.)

PON system: OLT + ODN + ONU + EMS/NMS

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Basic Architecture of PON

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PON Application - FTTx

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PON Services: Data + Voice + Video

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Overview

• Why PON

• PON Architecture & Applications

• PON Technologies

• Next Generation

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PON Alphabet

TDM-PON
APON GEPON

BPON EPON

WDMPON
GPON 10GEPON

NGPON DPON
RFPON

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Passive Optical Network (PON) System Characteristics

• Fiber Optic Media

– All PON systems are based a point-to-multipoint physical topology where a single
feeder fiber from the local exchange office is shared by a group of subscriber optical
terminals (typically 32 or more)
– A passive optical splitting device (i.e., power splitter or WDM splitter) is used to
couple the optical signals from the shared feeder fiber to the individual subscriber
(distribution) fibers, and vice-a-versa.

• Active Electronics
– A single optical transceiver in the exchange is shared by a group of subscriber optical
terminals (typically 32 or more)
– For a fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) systems, there is generally no active electronics in
the outside plant.
– The various PON technologies make use of different multiplexing techniques to allow
shared access to the fiber media
• TDM-based PONs and WDM-based PONs are two broad categories
• TDM-based PONs are by far the most commonly deployed
– The various PON technologies also differ in available digital capacity, how they
dynamically allocate upstream bandwidth to subscribers (for efficient PON bandwidth
utilization), and embedded operations capabilities (just to mention a few examples)

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TDM PON Example
• Downstream – TDM transmission with multiple “listeners”
(encryption to insure privacy)
• Upstream – TDMA transmission with upstream transmissions
(bursts) scheduled to prevent overlap
E1/DS1/
Downstream (single -fiber systems): 1490 nm Telephony
Upstream: 1310 nm
RF video (if present) 1555 nm
ONT1 Data

Access
Node TDM VOIP

ONT2 E1/T1/
Telephony
E1/DS1
NB Video
(and/or) CC OLT 1:32 Optical splitter
(or 1:64 for shorter reaches or
GbE
BB with Reach Extender)
STMn/OCn
TDMA

POTS
TDM Time Division Multiplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
CC Cross Connect
NB Narrow Band ONT32 Data
BB Broadband Up to 60 km* physical reach
OLT Optical Line Termination
ONT Optical Network Termination (* with G.984.6 Reach Extender)

PONs are (in some sense) like HFC systems – shared medium

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WDM-PON Example

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Hybrid WDM-PON Example
Hybrid WDM-PON example
wavelength
splitter
ONT
TDMA
(Fixed
Optics)
power
Access node splitter
SNI ONT
dedicated λ1 pair
Bitrate 1
Feeder Fiber
OLT
1 to N λs on single fiber ONT
dedicated λ2 pair
Bitrate 2

ONT
TDMA
(Fixed
Optics)
Wavelength selection here power
splitter

* “Fixed” optics might be a cost reduced

version of convention DWDM long-haul optics Colorless ONTs: Transmitter and
NOTE: Most believe adaptable optics will be Receiver front-end filter characteristics are wavelength
required for a practical WDM-PON system adaptable

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Today’s PON Systems

• TDM-PONs Rule: The vast majority of PON systems

deployed today are TDM-based PON systems (i.e., B-
PON, E-PON, and G-PON)
– They almost exclusively operate on a single fiber, with WDM
used to provide bi-directional transmission
– A third wavelength in the downstream is sometimes used for
broadcast video services (e.g., Verizon FiOS)

• WDM-PON: Very limited deploys, mainly in Korea

– Costs of WDM-PON in delivering mass market dedicated
wavelength services are still higher high relative to TDM-PON
– WDM and hybrid WDM-PONs are expected to play a greater
role in Next Generation (NG) PON systems (e.g., 5+ years)
than today

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TDM PON Architecture and Technologies
20 km Maximum Reach
20 km ONU differential range
OLT •Typically: 622 Mbps/155 Mbps (down/up)
Max 32 way split (may be
cascaded)
LU #1
ONT
BPON

•ATM-based transport
TXR
B-PON Fiber
LU #N, N ≤32
ITU-T G.983.x splitter

• Typically: 2488/1244 Mbps Max 64 way split [constrained

by PMD attenuation limits] LU #1
• GFP-like transports (Ethernet, and/or TDM) ONT
GPON

TXR
G-PON Fiber
LU #N, N ≤64
ITU-T G.984.x splitter

• 1250 Mbps/1250 Mbps [~850 Mbps Max 32 way split (16-way

LU #1
effective payload rate]) specified in standard)
ONT
• Ethernet-based transport
EPON

TXR
Fiber
E-PON splitter
LU #N, N ≤32
1000BASE-PX20
per IEEE 802.3ah

Network optical transceiver (TXR) shared by “N” subscribers

OLT implementations may not necessarily support all PON technologies indicated

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 x-PON Technology Time Line

FSAN
7th GPON
GPON
Interop Event
CTS
1995 ‘98 ‘99 2000 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09

FSAN
FSAN BPON begins
GPON TC 1st GPON G.984.5 G.984.1,
founded (ITU G.983.1) NG-PON
(G.984.3) Interop Event published G.984.3
published BPON IEEE FSAN BPON
published G.984.4
OMCI EPON begins OMCI IEEE begins
(G.983.2) begins GPON (G.983.2) 10GEPON Rev2
GPON IEEE published
published Revised
OMCI 802.3ah
(G.984.4) (EPON) G.984.2
published published amd2,
G.984.6
published
BPON Completed: April 2000 EPON Completed: June 2004
BPON 1st Interop Event: March 2004
EPON 1st Interop Event: Jan 2006
BPON 1 wide-scale deployment: May 2004
st
EPON 1st wide-scale deployment: 2005
GPON Completed: June 2004
GPON 1st Interop Event: Jan 2006
GPON 1st wide-scale deployment: 4Q 2007 10G-EPON Study started: 2007
NG-PON Study started: 2008

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EPON - Downsteam

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EPON - Upstream

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EPON: Ethernet Simple, Fiber Fast

• Standard: IEEE802.3

• Simple as traditional Ethernet:

– EPON Media Access Control (MAC) uses Ethernet framing and line coding.
– Downstream channel uses true broadcast.
– Packets extracted by the MAC addresses.
– Not different from any shared-medium Ethernet LAN.

• More concerns
– Multiple access for Upstream transmission & Timing sychnization
• MPCP (MultiPoint Control Protocol is introduced)

– QoS on PON
• Dynamical Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm & 802.1d

– Optical power planning

– ONU discovery & activiation
– Security

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BPON Standards

• Produced in the Full Services Access Network (FSAN)

forum
– Established by the World’s Telecom operators
– Requirements driven approach

• Standardized in the ITU-T

– G.983.1 R– Basic architecture, PMD and TC for ATM-based B-PON
– G.983.2 R2 – Operations Management Communications Interface
– G.983.3 – WDM enhancement, for video overlays on B-PON
• G.983.3 A1 – Support for higher bit rates
• G.983.3 A2 – Optical best practices for B-PON
– G.983.4 – DBA enhancement, for efficient bandwidth distribution
– G.983.5 – Survivability enhancement, for protection switching

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GPON Standards

• GPON is chartered as the ‘next step’ of PON evolution

– Address rates greater than 1 Gb/s
– To optimize the physical layer for these speeds
– More packet-oriented, but still full service
• GPON draws on the B-PON series, but is distinct from it

• GPON standards split into four layers

– G.984.1: Requirements
– G.984.2: Physical layer
– G.984.3: Transmission Convergence layer
– G.984.3 A1: Refinements to TC layer
– G.984.4: Management layer
– G.984.4 A1: Refinements to Management layer

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622/155 BPON Frame Structure

• Frames aligned at ATM cell

boundaries
• DS PLOAM cells:
– Synchronization
– OAM channel
– Upstream bandwidth
assignment (53 grants)
• US PLOAM as needed
(VPI=VCI=0)
• US byte overhead:
– Cell synchronization and
delineation

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GPON Frame Structure

DOWNSTREAM FRAME
• Frame size fixed at 125 µs
• Supports ATM and GEM
payload within the same frame
• PCBd:
– Synchronization
– DS OAM channel
– Upstream bandwidth map (one UPSTREAM FRAME

byte granularity)
– Downstream structure
• PLOu:
– Synchronization for the new
transmitter
• PLOAMu:
– US OAM channel

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Overview

• Why PON

• PON Architecture & Applications

• PON Technologies

• Next Generation

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Next Generation of PON

• EPON => 10G-EPON

– IEEE802.3av
– To be finalized in 2009

• GPON => NG-PON

– ITU-T G.984.5: Enhancement Bandwidth
– ITU-T G.984.6: Optical Reach Extension

• WDM-PON
– No standard activities

• RFOG ( RF-PON)
– SCTE-IPS910
– Expected to be published in 2009

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10G-EPON

• Two modes:
– 10G downstream, 1G upstream
– 10G downstream, 10G upstream
• Back compliant with current EPON standard

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NG-PON
• Still in researching phase
• Two proposals:
– NG-PON1 (2009 – 2012) : ITU G.987
– NG-PON2(2012-2015)
• Wavelength

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WDM-PON
• Advantages:
– High bandwidth
– Protocol/data rate transparency
– High Scurity
• Disadvantages:
– Inefficiency in the bandwidth utilization
– Difficult in the wavelength tuning => colorless ONU
– Difficult in the cascaded topology
• In researching phase

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RFoG (RFPON)

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