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New 18mat11 Question Bank

The document is a comprehensive question bank for the VTU 18MAT11 Calculus and Linear Algebra course, organized into four modules. Each module covers various topics such as Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, and Ordinary Differential Equations, with numerous problems to solve. The questions range from proving mathematical identities to evaluating limits and integrals, providing a thorough preparation resource for students.

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47 views11 pages

New 18mat11 Question Bank

The document is a comprehensive question bank for the VTU 18MAT11 Calculus and Linear Algebra course, organized into four modules. Each module covers various topics such as Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, and Ordinary Differential Equations, with numerous problems to solve. The questions range from proving mathematical identities to evaluating limits and integrals, providing a thorough preparation resource for students.

Uploaded by

shafeen030
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

VTU 18MAT11 Calculus and Linear Algebra

Complete Question Bank (Module-wise)

MODULE-1

Differential Calculus - 1 (Curvature, Evolutes, Polar Curves)

1.​ With usual notations prove that tan φ = r × (dθ/dr)


2.​ With usual notations prove that tan φ = dθ/(r dr)
3.​ With usual notations, prove that 1/p² = 1/r² + (1/r⁴)(dr/dθ)²
4.​ Find the radius of curvature at the point (3a/2, 3a/2) for the curve x³ + y³ = 3ax
5.​ Find the radius of curvature for the Folium of Descartes x³ + y³ = 3axy at the
point (3a/2, 3a/2)
6.​ Show that the radius of curvature of the curve x³ + y³ = 3xy at (3/2, 3/2) is
-3/(8√2)
7.​ For the curve y = (ax)/(a + x) show that (2ρ/a)^(2/3) = (x/y)² + (y/x)²
8.​ Find the radius of curvature of the curve y² = a²(a - x)/x at the point (a, 0)
9.​ Show that for the curve r² = a² cos 2θ, the radius of curvature ρ = a²/3r
10.​Find the radius of curvature of the curve r² = a² sec 2θ
11.​Find the radius of curvature of the curve rⁿ = aⁿ sin nθ
12.​Find the radius of curvature of the curve r = a sin θ at the pole (0, 0)
13.​If ρ be the radius of curvature at any point P(x,y) on y² = 4ax, show that aρ² =
4(x + a)³
14.​Show that for the curve r(1 - cos θ) = 2a, ρ² varies as r³
15.​Show that the evolute of the parabola y² = 4ax is 27ay² = 4(x - 2a)³
16.​Find evolutes curve y² = 4ax as 27ay² = (4x + a)/a³
17.​Show that the evolute of the ellipse x²/a² + y²/b² = 1 is (ax)^(2/3) + (by)^(2/3)
= (a² - b²)^(2/3)
18.​Find the pedal equation of r = a(1 + cos θ)
19.​Find the pedal equation of the curve rᵐ = aᵐ [cos mθ + sin mθ]
20.​Find the pedal equation of the curve r² = a² [cos 2θ + sin 2θ]
21.​For the curve θ = (1/a)√(r² - a²) cos (a/r) prove that p² = r² - a²
22.​Find the angle between the curves r = a log θ and r = a/log θ
23.​Find the angle between the curves r = a(cos θ) and r = 2a cos θ
24.​Find the angle between the curves r = a(1 + sin θ) and r = a(1 - sin θ)
25.​Show that the pair of curves r = a(1 + cos θ) and r = b(1 - cos θ) intersect each
other orthogonally
26.​Show that the curves r = a e^θ and r = b cut orthogonally
27.​Show that for the curve r = a(1 + cos θ), ρ is a constant

MODULE-2

Differential Calculus - 2 (Maclaurin Series, Limits, Partial


Differentiation, Jacobians)

28.​Using Maclaurin's series prove that √(1 + sin 2x) = 1 + x - x²/2 - x³/6 + x⁴/24 +
...
29.​Obtain Maclaurin's series expansion of log(1 + cos x) upto the term containing
x⁴
30.​Obtain Maclaurin's expansion of e^(tan⁻¹x) upto the term containing x⁴
31.​Expand log(1 + e^x) using Maclaurin's series upto the term containing x³
32.​Evaluate limit as x→0 of [(a^x + b^x + c^x + d^x)/4]^(1/x)
33.​Evaluate limit as x→0 of [(a^x + b^x + c^x)/3]^(1/x)
34.​Evaluate (i) limit as x→0 of (cos x)^(1/x²) (ii) limit as x→0 of [(a^x + b^x + c^x
+ d^x)/4]^(1/x)
35.​Evaluate (i) limit as x→1 of x^(1/(1-x)) (ii) limit as x→π/2 of (cos
x)^(1/((π/2)-x))
36.​Evaluate limit as x→0 of [(3x⁴ + 4x⁵ + 5x³)/3]^(1/x)
37.​Show that the function xy(a - x - y) is maximum at (a/3, a/3). Hence find
maximum value if a > 0
38.​Examine the function f(x,y) = x³ + y³ - 3x - 12y + 20 for its extreme values
39.​Find the extreme values of the function f(x,y) = x³ + 3xy² - 3x² - 3y² + 4
40.​Find the extreme values of f(x,y) = x³y²(1 - x - y)
41.​If x, y, z are the angles of triangle find the maximum value of sin x sin y sin z
42.​A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have a volume of 32 cubic ft. Find the
dimension of the box requiring least material for its construction
43.​Show that the rectangular box of maximum volume and a given surface area
is cube
44.​Find the maximum and minimum distance of the point (1,2,3) from the sphere
x² + y² + z² = 56
45.​The temperature T at any point (x,y,z) in space is T = 400 xyz². Find the
highest temperature at the surface of the unit sphere x² + y² + z² = 1
46.​Find the stationary values of x² + y² + z² subject to the condition xy + yz + zx =
3a²
47.​If U = f(x - y, y - z, z - x) show that ∂U/∂x + ∂U/∂y + ∂U/∂z = 0
48.​If U = f(x - y, y - z, z + x), prove that ∂U/∂x + ∂U/∂y + ∂U/∂z = 0
49.​If u = f(x - y, y - z, z - x) show that ∂u/∂x + ∂u/∂y + ∂u/∂z = 0
50.​Find ∂(u,v,w)/∂(x,y,z) where u = x² + y² + z², v = xy + yz + zx, w = x + y + z
51.​If u = x + 3y² - z³, v = 4xyz, w = 2z² - xy find ∂(u,v,w)/∂(x,y,z) at (1, -1, 0)
52.​If u = x² - 2y², v = 2x² - y² where x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ then show that
∂(u,v)/∂(r,θ) = 6r³ sin 2θ
53.​If u = x² + y² + z², x = e^(2t), y = e^(2t) cos 3t, z = e^(2t) sin 3t then find du/dt
54.​Find the Jacobian, ∂(x,y,z)/∂(r,θ,φ) from x = r cos θ cos φ, y = r cos θ sin φ and
z = r sin θ
55.​If z = f(x,y) with x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ show that: (∂z/∂x)² + (∂z/∂y)² =
(∂z/∂r)² + (1/r²)(∂z/∂θ)²

MODULE-3

Integral Calculus (Multiple Integrals, Beta and Gamma


Functions)

56.​Evaluate ∫∫∫ (x² + y² + z²) dx dy dz


57.​Evaluate ∫∫∫ (x + y + z) dy dx dz
58.​Evaluate ∫∫∫ dz dx dy
59.​Find the area enclosed by the parabolas y² = 4ax and x² = 4ay
60.​Evaluate ∫∫ xy(x + y) dy dx, taken over the area between y = x² and y = x
61.​Evaluate ∫∫ x²y dx dy over the region bounded by the curves y = x² and y = x
62.​Find the area bounded by the ellipse x²/a² + y²/b² = 1 above x-axis
63.​Evaluate ∫∫ x/(x² + y²) dx dy by changing the order of integration
64.​Change the order of integration and evaluate ∫∫ (e^(-y)/y) dy dx
65.​Evaluate ∫∫∫ dy dx dz
66.​Evaluate ∫∫ e^[-(x² + y²)] dx dy by changing into polar coordinates
67.​Evaluate ∫∫ √(x² + y²) dy dx by changing into polar co-ordinates
68.​Evaluate ∫∫ xy dx dy over the positive quadrant of the circle x² + y² = 4
69.​Evaluate ∫∫∫ xy dz dy dx
70.​Find the volume of the solid bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and x + y
+z=1
71.​Find by double integration, volume of the ellipsoid x²/a² + y²/b² + z²/c² = 1
72.​Find the volume of the region bounded by z = x² + y², z = 0, x = -a, x = a, y = -a, y
=a
73.​Find the volume generated by the revolution of the cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ)
about the initial line
74.​Find by double integration, the centre of gravity of the area of the cardioid r =
a(1 + cos θ)
75.​Prove that ∫₀^(π/2) √(sin θ) dθ × ∫₀^(π/2) dθ/√(sin θ) = π
76.​Show that ∫₀^(π/2) dθ/√(sin θ) × ∫₀^(π/2) √(sin θ) dθ = π
77.​Show that ∫∫ √(sin θ) dθ = π
78.​Derive the relation between Beta and Gamma function as B(m,n) =
Γ(m)Γ(n)/Γ(m+n)
79.​Show that β(m,n) = Γ(m)Γ(n)/Γ(m+n)
80.​Show that β(m,n) = √(mn)/(m+n)
81.​Using definition of Gamma function, show that Γ(1/2) = √π
82.​Show that: ∫₀^∞ √x e^(-x²) dx × ∫₀^∞ e^(-x²)/√x dx = π/(2√2)

MODULE-4

Ordinary Differential Equations (First Order and First Degree)


83.​A body in air at 25°C cools from 100°C to 75°C in 1 minute. Find the
temperature of the body at the end of 3 minutes
84.​If the temperature of the air is 30°C and a metal ball cools from 100°C to 70°C
in 15 minutes, find how long will it take for the metal ball to reach a
temperature of 40°C
85.​If the air is maintained at 30°C and the temperature of the body cools from
80°C to 60°C in 12 minutes, find the temperature of the body after 24 minutes
86.​A body in air at 80°C cools down to 60°C in 20 minutes, the temperature of the
air being 40°C. What will be the temperature of the body after 40 minutes?
87.​Find the orthogonal trajectory of x²/a² + y²/b² = 1, λ is parameter
88.​Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family rⁿ cos θ = aⁿ
89.​Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves x²/a² + y²/(b² + λ) = 1,
where λ is the parameter
90.​Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves rⁿ = aⁿ cos nθ
91.​Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves rⁿ = aⁿ sin nθ, where a
is a parameter
92.​Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r = a(1 - cos θ)
93.​Show that the family curves y² = 4a(x + a) is self orthogonal
94.​Solve (x² + y² + x)dx + x dy = 0
95.​Solve (x² + y² + x)dx + xy dy = 0
96.​Solve the L-R circuit: dI/dt + RI = E. Initially I = 0 when t = 0
97.​A series circuit with resistance R, inductance L and electromotive force E is
governed by the differential equation L(di/dt) + Ri = E, where L and R are
constant and initially the current i is zero. Find the current at any time t
98.​The current i in an electrical circuit containing an inductance L and a
resistance R in series and acted upon an e.m.f E sin ωt satisfies the
differential equation: L(di/dt) + Ri = E sin ωt. Find the value of the current at
any time, if initially there is no current in the circuit
99.​Solve dy/dx + y tan x = y³ sec x
100.​ Solve dy/dx + y tan x = y² sec x
101.​ Solve dy/dx + y² tan x = y³ sec x
102.​ Solve y p² + (x - y)p - x = 0 where p = dy/dx
103.​ Solve the equation (px - y)(py + x) = 2p by reducing into Clairaut's form,
taking the substitution X = x², Y = y²
104.​ Solve xy(dy/dx)² - (x² + y²)(dy/dx) + xy = 0
105.​ Solve y(2xy + e^x)dx - e^x dy = 0
106.​ Solve the equation y²(y - xp) = x⁴p² by reducing into Clairaut's form, taking
the substitution X = 1/x and Y = 1/y
107.​ Solve x²p² + xyp - 6y² = 0 by solving for p
108.​ Solve (x² + y³ + 6x)dx + xy² dy = 0
109.​ Solve y²(y - xp) = x⁴p² using substitution X = 1/x and Y = 1/y
110.​ Solve: y(dy/dx)² + (x - y)(dy/dx) - x = 0, where p = dy/dx
111.​ Solve: (2x² - 6xy)dy + (8xy - 9y²)dx = 0
112.​ Solve (5x⁴ + 3x²y² - 2xy³)dx + (2x³y + 3x²y² - 5y⁴)dy = 0
113.​ Solve (5x³ + 12x² + 6y²)dx + 6xy dy = 0
114.​ Solve x p² - y p + a = 0. Also find its singular solution

MODULE-5

Linear Algebra (Matrices, Rank, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors,


System of Equations)

115.​ Find the rank of the matrix by applying elementary row operations
a) [ 1 2 3 0 ; 2 4 3 2 ; 3 2 1 3 ; 6 8 7 5 ] ​
b) [ 2 3 –1 –1 ] [ 1 –1 –2 –4 ] [ 3 1 3 –2 ] [ 6 3 0 –7 ] ​
c): [ 1 2 2 1 ] [ 2 1 1 2 ] [ 3 2 2 3 ] [ 0 1 1 0 ]​
d) [ 1 0 1 1 ] [ 0 1 –3 –1 ] [ 3 1 0 2 ] [ 1 1 –2 0 ] ​
e) [ 2 1 3 5 ] [ 4 2 1 3 ] [ 8 4 7 13 ] [ 8 4 –3 –1 ]​
f) [ 3 –4 –1 2 ] [ 1 7 3 1 ] [ 5 –2 5 4 ] [ 9 –3 7 7 ]

116.​ Find the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector for A = [[6,
-2, 2], [-2, 3, -1], [2, -1, 3]] with initial vector (1,1,1)ᵀ [carryout 5 iterations]
117.​ Find the Largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of the
matrix A, by using the power method by taking initial vector as [1,1,1]ᵀ.
Perform 6 iterations
118.​ Find the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of the
matrix by Rayleigh's power method. Perform four iterations. Take initial vector
as [1,0,0]ᵀ
119.​ Find the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of the
matrix A = [[2,0,1], [0,2,0], [1,0,2]] with initial vector [1,0,0]ᵀ. Carry out 6
iterations
120.​ Find the dominant eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of the
matrix by powers method taking the initial eigen vector as [1,1,1]ᵀ. Carry out 5
iterations
121.​ Using Rayleigh's power method, find largest eigen value and the
corresponding eigen vector of the matrix. By taking X⁽⁰⁾ = [1,1,1]ᵀ as initial
eigen vector
122.​ Investigate the values of λ and μ such that the system of equations:​
x + y + z = 6​
x + 2y + 3z = 10​
x + 2y + λz = μ​
may have (i) Unique solution (ii) Infinite solution (iii) No solution
123.​ Investigate for what value of λ and μ the simultaneous equations:​
x + y + z = 6​
x + 2y + 3z = 10​
x + 2y + λz = μ​
have: (i) no solutions (ii) unique solutions (iii) infinite number of solutions
124.​ Investigate the values of λ and μ so that the equations:​
2x + 3y + 5z = 9​
7x + 3y - 2z = 8​
2x + 3y + λz = μ​
have (i) a unique solution, (ii) infinitely many solutions (iii) no solution
125.​ Reduce the matrix [[-1, 3], [-2, 4]] into diagonal form
126.​ Reduce the matrix A = [[-19, 7], [-42, 16]] into the diagonal form
127.​ Diagonalize the matrix A = [[1, 2], [4, 3]]. Hence determine A⁴
128.​ Diagonalize the square matrix A = [[-19, 7], [-42, 16]]
129.​ Solve the following system of equations by Gauss elimination method:​
x + y + z = 9​
x - 2y + 3z = 8​
2x + y - z = 3
130.​ Solve the following system of equations by Gauss elimination method:​
2x - 3y + z = 9​
x + y + z = 6​
x-y+z=2
131.​ Apply Gauss-Jordan method to solve the following system of equations:​
2x + y + 3z = 1​
4x + 4y + 7z = 1​
2x + 5y + 9z = 3
132.​ Apply Gauss Jordan method to solve the system of equations:​
2x + y + z = 10​
3x + 2y + 3z = 18​
x + 4y + 9z = 16
133.​ Test for consistency, if consistent solve it:​
x + 2y + 3z = 14​
4x + 5y + 7z = 35​
3x + 3y + 4z = 21
134.​ Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method [carryout
three iterations]:​
20x + y - 2z = 17​
3x + 20y - z = -18​
2x - 3y + 20z = 25
135.​ Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method. Carryout
4 iterations taking the initial approximation to the solution as (1, 0, 3):​
5x + 2y + z = 12​
x + 4y + 2z = 15​
x + 2y + 5z = 20
136.​ Use the Gauss-Seidel iterative method to solve the system of equations.
Carryout four iterations, taking the initial approximation to the solution as
(1,0,3):​
5x + 2y + z = 12​
x + 4y + 2z = 15​
x + 2y + 5z = 20
137.​ Solve using Gauss-Seidel method [carry out 4 iterations]:​
6x + 15y + 2z = 72​
27x + 6y - z = 85​
x + y + 54z = 110
138.​ Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method. Carry
out 5 iterations:​
20x + 2y - 2z = 17​
3x + 20y - z = -18​
2x - 3y + 20z = 25

Common questions

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For the system \( x + y + z = 6 \), \( x + 2y + 3z = 10 \), \( x + 2y + \lambda z = \mu \) to have solutions: (i) Unique solution when the determinant of coefficients is nonzero, \( \lambda \neq 3 \). (ii) Infinite solutions when equations are dependent implying \( \lambda = 3 \) and verify consistency using: substituting \( \mu \) for dependence. (iii) No solution if inconsistent row appears, judged by contradiction; selecting contradictory \( \mu \) values beyond dependencies, e.g., values testing homogeneous solution equals .

To find \( du/dt \), where \( u = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 \) and \( x = e^{2t} \), \( y = e^{2t} \cos 3t \), \( z = e^{2t} \sin 3t \), first compute \( x^2 = e^{4t} \), \( y^2 = e^{4t} \cos^2 3t \), \( z^2 = e^{4t} \sin^2 3t \). Therefore, \( u = e^{4t}(1 + \cos^2 3t + \sin^2 3t) = 3e^{4t} \). Then, \( du/dt = \frac{d}{dt}(3e^{4t}) = 12e^{4t} \).

To find the extreme values of \( f(x,y) = x^3 + y^3 - 3x - 12y + 20 \), compute the partial derivatives \( f_x = 3x^2 - 3 \) and \( f_y = 3y^2 - 12 \). Setting these equal to zero gives critical points: \( 3x^2 - 3 = 0 \) yields \( x = 1 \), and \( 3y^2 - 12 = 0 \) yields \( y = 2 \). Evaluate the second partial derivatives \( f_{xx} = 6x \), \( f_{yy} = 6y \), and \( f_{xy} = 0 \). The discriminant \( D = f_{xx}f_{yy} - (f_{xy})^2 = 36 \), positive, indicates a local minimum. The function has a local minimum at \( (1, 2) \).

The relationship between the Beta function \( \beta(m,n) \) and Gamma function \( \Gamma \) is given by \( \beta(m,n) = \Gamma(m)\Gamma(n)/\Gamma(m+n) \). It's derived using the integral definition of the Beta function \( \beta(m,n) = \int_0^1 t^{m-1} (1-t)^{n-1} dt \) and substituting the transformation linked to the Gamma function's integral representation: \( \Gamma(z) = \int_0^\infty t^{z-1} e^{-t} dt \). By changing variables and manipulating integrals, the equivalence of Beta and Gamma functions emerges .

To find the Maclaurin series of \( \log(1 + \cos x) \) up to the \( x^4 \) term, we start by noting that \( \log(1 + \cos x) \) can be expanded using the Taylor series for \( \log(1+u) = u - u^2/2 + u^3/3 - u^4/4 + \cdots \). Thus, we substitute \( u = \cos x \), which can itself be expanded using the Maclaurin series: \( \cos x = 1 - x^2/2 + x^4/24 + \cdots \). This gives the expansion for \( \log(1 + \cos x) \) as \( \log 2 - x^2/4 + x^4/48 + \cdots \).

To find the maximum value of \( xy(a - x - y) \), start by setting the partial derivatives \( f_x = y(a - 2x - y) \) and \( f_y = x(a - x - 2y) \) to zero. Solving these yields \((a/3, a/3)\), corresponding to maxima given the positive Hessian determinant at this point. Substituting \((a/3, a/3)\) into \( f(x, y) \), the maximum value is \( (a/3)(a/3)(a/3) = a^3/27 \) for \( a > 0 \).

The temperature of a cooling body can be determined using Newton's Law of Cooling: \( T(t) = T_a + (T_0 - T_a) e^{-kt} \), where \( T_a \) is the ambient temperature, \( T_0 \) the initial temperature, and \( k \) a positive constant related to the cooling rate. If \( T(0) = 100^\circ C \) and \( T(1) = 75^\circ C \) at \( T_a = 25^\circ C \), solve \( 75 = 25 + 75e^{-k} \) to find \( k \). Now, to find temperature at 3 minutes, compute \( T(3) = 25 + (75)e^{-3k} \) using the derived \( k \) value .

To evaluate \( \lim_{x \to 0} [(3x^4 + 4x^5 + 5x^3)/3]^{1/x} \), observe that as \( x \to 0 \), the dominant term in the numerator is \( 5x^3 \). Thus, simplify \( \lim_{x \to 0} (5/3)^{1/x} \times x^{1/x^2} \). Considering its logarithm: \( \lim_{x \to 0} \left[ \frac{\ln(5/3)}{x} + \frac{\ln x}{x} \right] \), the second term dominates, leading to form \( 0^\infty \), resulting in a value of 0, indicating rapid decay of the function near zero .

To evaluate \( \lim_{x \to \pi/2} (\cos x)^{1/((\pi/2)-x)} \), note \( \cos x \to 0 \) as \( x \to \pi/2 \). The form is \( 0^\infty \), which can be tackled by considering \( y = (\cos x)^{1/((\pi/2)-x)} \). Taking the natural logarithm, \( \ln y = \frac{\ln(\cos x)}{((\pi/2)-x)} \). As \( x \to \pi/2 \), this becomes \( \frac{\ln 0}{0} \), an indeterminate form, solved using L'Hôpital's Rule yielding \( \lim_{x \to \pi/2} \ln y = -\infty \), implying \( y \to 0 \). Therefore, the limit is 0, denoting rapid decay as \( x \to \pi/2 \).

The power method is an iterative algorithm used to find the largest eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvector of a matrix. Starting with an initial vector \( x^{(0)} \), the vector is repeatedly multiplied by the matrix \( A \), and normalized to avoid numerical issues: \( x^{(k+1)} = \frac{Ax^{(k)}}{\|Ax^{(k)}\|} \). The value \( \mu^{(k)} = x^{(k)T} Ax^{(k)} \) approximates the largest eigenvalue. Repeat this process until convergence. Typically, the largest eigenvalue\( \lambda \) is well-approximated when \( x^{(k)} \) stabilizes .

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