Tutorial Problems

MATH2018 Engineering Mathematics 2D

2024
 Problems marked with a star F are core recommended exercises, to be attempted prior to
the relevant tutorial.

1 Partial Differentiation
1. Verify that wxy = wyx .

(a) w = ln(2x + 3y)

(b) w = ex sinh y + cos(2x − 3y)

F ∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
2 . Find , and .
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂y∂x
(a) f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y 2 )

(b) f (x, y) = x2 y + cos y + y sin x

y
(c) f (x, y) = tan−1
x

3. Show that the following functions satisfy the Laplace equation:

∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
+ + = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

(a)F f (x, y, z) = 2z 3 − 3(x2 + y 2 )z

p
(b) f (x, y) = ln x2 + y 2

(c)F f (x, y, z) = e3x+4y cos 5z

4. Show that the following functions are solutions of the wave equation:

∂ 2w 2
2 ∂ w
=c .
∂t2 ∂x2
(a) w = cos(2x + 2ct)

(b) w = ln(3x + 3ct)

df df
5. Use the chain rule to express in terms of t. Then evaluate at the given value of t.
dt dt
(a) f (x, y, z) = ln(x + y + z) for x = cos2 t, y = sin2 t, z = t at t = π.

(b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 for x = cos t, y = sin t at t = π.

du 2
6. Find if u = x2 + ey , x = sin 2t, and y = cos t2 .
dt

∂z
7F . Find if z = x2 + 2xy, x = u cos v, and y = u sin v. (Express your answer in terms of
∂v
x and y.)

1
 ∂z
8. Find when u = 0, v = 1 if z = sin xy + x sin y for x = u2 + v 2 and y = uv.
∂u

∂w
9. Find when u = 0, v = 0 if
∂v
w = (x2 + y − 2)4 + (x − y + 2)3 , x = u − 2v + 1, y = 2u + v − 2.

∂w
10F . Find at the point (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1) if
∂x
π
w = cos uv, u = xyz, v= .
4(x2 + y 2 )

x+y ∂z ∂z
11. If z = f (t) and t = , show that x2 = y2 .
xy ∂x ∂y

∂w ∂w
12. If a and b are constants, w = f (u), and u = ax + by, show that a =b .
∂y ∂x
 2  2
F ∂w ∂w ∂f ∂f
13 . If w = f (u, v), u = x + y, and v = x − y, show that = − .
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v

14. If we substitute polar coordinates x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ in a continuous function

w = f (x, y) that has continuous partial derivatives, show that
∂w
= fx cos θ + fy sin θ.
∂r

Taylor expansion

f (x, y) = f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b)

1
fxx (a, b)(x − a)2 + 2fxy (a, b)(x − a)(y − b) + fyy (a, b)(y − b)2 + · · · .

+
2!

15. Determine the Taylor series expansion of f (x) = sin x about

(a) x = 0,
(b) x = π/2,
including the first two non-zero terms in each case. Sketch f (x) and the two truncated expan-
sions for 0 ≤ x ≤ π.

16. Determine the Taylor series expansion of f (x, y) = x2 y about (1, 2), including terms to
27th order.

17. Using a Taylor series in two variables, show that for small x and y we may make the
following approximations.
(a) ex sin y ∼ y + xy
y2
(b) ex ln(1 + y) ∼ y + xy −
2
2
18. Expand cos(2x − y) in a Taylor series in two variables, including quadratic terms, about

(a) (0, 0),

(b) (0, −π/2).

19F . Determine the Taylor expansion of ex+y cos y about the point (1, 0), up to and including
quadratic terms.

20. Expand cos(2x−y) about (π/4, π/4) up to and including second order terms using Taylor’s
series for functions of two variables.

21F . Expand ln(x2 + y 2 ) about (1, 0) up to and including second order terms, using the
Taylor series for functions of two variables. Then use your result to find an approximate value
for ln(1.12 + 0.12 ).

22. Calculate the Taylor expansion up to and including second order terms of the function

z = F (x, y) = e−x sin y

about the point (2, π/2). Use your result to estimate F (1.92, π/2).
p
23. Find an approximate value for (1.02)3 + (1.97)3 by using an appropriate Taylor series
approximation.

24. Suppose T is to be found from the formula T = x cosh y, where x and y are found to
be 2 and ln 2 with maximum possible errors of |dx| = 0.04 and |dy| = 0.02. Estimate the
maximum possible error in the computed value of T .

25F . If r = 5.0 cm and h = 12.0 cm to the nearest millimetre, what should we expect the
maximum percentage error in calculating V = πr2 h to be?

26. When an x-ohm and a y-ohm resistor are in parallel, the resistance R they produce will
be calculated from the formula
1 1 1
= + .
R x y
By what percentage will R change if x increases from 20 to 20.1 ohms and if y decreases from 25
to 24.9 ohms?

27. The specific gravity δ of a solid heavier than water is given by

W
δ= ,
W − W1
where W and W1 are its weight in air and water, respectively. If W and W1 are observed to be
17.2 and 9.7 gm, find the maximum possible error in the calculated value of δ due to an error
of 0.05 gm in each observation.

3
28. The pressure P , volume V and temperature T of a gas are related by the formula

P V = RT,

where R is a constant. If V is increased by 10%, and T decreased by 6%, find the percentage
change in the pressure.

29F . When two resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel, the total resistance R (mea-
sured in ohms) is given by:
1 1 1
= + .
R r1 r2
Suppose r1 = 6 ± 0.1 ohms and r2 = 9 ± 0.03 ohms.
(a) Calculate R.
∂R R2
(b) Show that = 2.
∂r1 r1
(c) Estimate the maximum possible error in the calculated value of R.

Leibniz formula for differentiating an integral

Z v Z v
d ∂f dv du
f (x, y) dy = dy + f (x, v) − f (x, u) .
dx u u ∂x dx dx

30. Show that

Z x
d
(a) t2 dt = x2 ,
dx 1
Z 2
F d
(b) ln(1 + x2 ) dx = −3t2 ln(1 + t6 ),
dt t3
Z π/(2u)
d
(c) u sin(ux) dx = 0.
du 0

31. Given that Z ∞

k
e−ax sin(kx) dx = ,
0 a2 + k2
evaluate
Z ∞
(a) xe−ax sin(kx) dx,
0
Z ∞
(b) xe−ax cos(kx) dx.
0

32F . Evaluate Z ∞
dx
,
0 α2 + x2
and hence use Leibniz’s theorem to deduce that
Z ∞
dx π
= .
0 (α2 + x2 )2 4α3

4
33. Given that Z π
dθ π
=√ , for α > 1,
0 α − cos θ α2 − 1
use Leibniz’s Rule (for differentiating integrals) to evaluate
Z π
dθ
2
for α > 1.
0 (α − cos θ)

Z π
F
34 . Let I(t) = cos(tx) dx. Show by simple integration that
0

sin tπ
I(t) =
t
and then by differentiation that
dI π cos tπ sin tπ
= − 2 .
dt t t
Then use this result, together with Leibniz’s rule for the differentiation of an integral, to evaluate
Z π
x sin(tx) dx.
0

Z t
d cos tx
35. Evaluate √
dx by using Leibniz’s rule.
dt t x

2 Extreme Values
36. Test the following functions for maxima, minima and saddle points. Find the function
values at these points.
(a) f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 + 3x − 3y + 4

(b) f (x, y) = x2 + xy + 3x + 2y + 5

(c)F f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 + 3y + 3

(d) f (x, y) = 2x2 + 3xy + 4y 2 − 5x + 2y

(e)F f (x, y) = 6x2 − 2x3 + 3y 2 + 6xy

(f) f (x, y) = 4xy − x4 − y 4

37. Find all critical points of the function

f (x, y) = x3 + y 3 − 3xy + 15,

and classify each one as a relative maximum, relative minimum, or saddle point.

38. Determine and classify the critical points (extrema) of the following function

g(x, y) = x2 − Axy + y 2 + 7,

where A is a positive constant. Discuss separately the cases 0 < A < 2, A > 2 and A = 2.

5
39. Find the points on the ellipse x2 + 2y 2 = 1 where f (x, y) = xy has its extreme values.

40F . Find the extreme values of f (x, y) = x2 y on the line x + y = 3.

41. Use the method of Lagrange multipliers to find

(a) the minimum value of x + y subject to the constraints xy = 16, x > 0, y > 0.

(b) the maximum value of xy subject to the constraint x + y = 16.

42. Find the dimensions of the closed circular can of smallest surface area whose volume is
16π cm3 .

43F . The temperature at the point (x, y) on a metal plate is T (x, y) = 4x2 − 4xy + y 2 . An
ant on the plate walks around the circle of radius 5 centred at the origin. What are the highest
and lowest temperatures encountered by the ant?

44F . Find the point on the plane x + 2y + 3z = 13 closest to the point (1, 1, 1).

45. Find points on the surface z 2 = xy + 4 closest to the origin.

46. The temperature at any point (x, y, z) in space is T = 400xyz 2 . Find the highest tem-
perature on the unit sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.

47. Find the maximum value of the function f (x, y, z) = x2 +2y−z 2 subject to the constraints
2x − y = 0 and y + z = 0.

3 Vector Field Theory

48F . Let u = 2i − 2j + k, v = i + 3j − k and w = 2j + 3k. Find

(a) (u · v)w,

(b) u(v · w),

(c) (u × v) · w,

(d) u · (v × w),

(e) (u × v) × w,

(f) u × (v × w).

49. Find the equations of the straight lines that satisfy each of the following sets of conditions.

(a) Passes through the points P (3, 3, −5) and Q(2, −6, 1).

(b) Passes through the point P (1, −1, 1) and is perpendicular to the plane 2x + 3y − z = 4.

6
50. Find the volume of the parallelepiped with one corner at P and with sides P Q, P R and
P S.

(a) P (0, 1, −6), Q(−3, 1, 4), R(1, 7, 2), S(−3, 0, 4).

(b) P (1, 1, 1), Q(−2, 1, 6), R(3, 5, 7), S(0, 1, 6).

51. For any vectors u, v and w in R3 , show that

(a) u × (v × w) = (u · w)v − (u · v)w,

(b) u × (v × w) + v × (w × u) + w × (u × v) = 0.

52. For each of the following, determine (F · G)0 and (F × G)0 .

(a) F = (cos 2t)i + (sin t)j − e−t k, G = 2t2 i − 3tk

(b) F = 5t2 i + tj − t3 k, G = (sin t)i − (cos t)j.

53F . A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are

x(t) = e−t , y(t) = 2 cos 3t, z(t) = 2 sin 3t,

where t is the time.

(a) Determine its velocity vector and acceleration vector.

(b) Find the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration at t = 0.

→
− →
−
54. Compute ∇ψ and ∇ψ(P0 ) for the given point P0 .

(a) ψ = exy + z 2 x, P0 (0, 0, 4).

(b) ψ = x2 y − sin(zx), P0 (1, −1, π/4).

55. Find the tangent plane and normal line to the surface S at the point P0 .
√
(a) S: x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, P0 (1, 1, 2).

(b)F S: x2 − 2y 2 + z 4 = 0, P0 (1, 1, 1).

56F . The atmosphere pressure in a certain region of space is P = xy 2 + yz 2 + zyx. Find the
rate of change of the pressure with respect to distance at the point (1, 1, 4) in the region, in the
direction of the vector v = j − 3k.

57. Consider the scalar field

φ(x, y, z) = −2xy + x ln(y + z).

Determine:

(a) the direction and magnitude of the maximum rate of change of φ at (1, 3, −2);

(b) the directional derivative of φ in the (1, 3, −2) direction at (1, 1, 0).

7
58F . Consider the scalar field

φ(x, y, z) = 2x2 + 3y 2 + z 2 .
→
−
(a) Calculate ∇φ.
→
−
(b) Using (a) calculate ∇φ at the point P (2, 1, 3).

(c) Find a unit normal to φ(x, y, z) = 20 at the point P (2, 1, 3);

(d) Calculate the directional derivative of φ at P (2, 1, 3) parallel to the vector a = i − 2k.

→
− →
− →
− → −
59. Compute ∇ · F and ∇ × F , and verify that ∇ · ( ∇ × F ) = 0.
(a) F = x2 zi − yj + z 3 k

(b) F = (sinh x)i + (cosh y)j − xyzk.

→
− →
− →
−
60. Compute ∇ψ and verify that ∇ × ( ∇ψ) = 0.
(a) ψ = sin(xz) + cos(yz)

(b) ψ = −4xy 3 + z 2 x
Z (4,2)

61. Evaluate (x + y) dx + (y − x) dy along the following curves.
(1,1)

(a) The parabola y 2 = x.

(b) The straight line segments from (1, 1) to (1, 2), and then to (4, 2).
I
F


62 . Evaluate (2x − y + 4) dx + (5y + 3x − 6) dy around

(a) a triangle in the xy-plane with vertices at (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 2), traversed in the counter-
clockwise direction;

(b) a circle of radius 4 with centre at (0, 0), traversed counterclockwise.

63. Calculate the work done by the force field F along the curve C.
2 2
√ − 2j and C is the piece of the hyperbola x − y = 1, z = 0 from (1, 0, 0)
(a) F = 3xyi
to (2, 3, 0).
√
(b)F F = x3 i − zj + 2xyk and C is given by x = t2 , y = z = t and 2 ≤ t ≤ 4.

4 Double Integrals
64. Evaluate the following double integrals.
Z 2Z 3
(a) x3 y 2 dy dx
0 1
Z 3 Z 3
(b) (x2 − 2xy + 2y 2 ) dy dx
1 2

8
65. Use double integration to find the area of the following regions.

(a) The region bounded by y = x3 and y = x2 .

√ x
(b)F The region bounded by y = x, y = x and y = .
2

66. Integrate the following functions f over the given regions Ω.

(a) f (x, y) = xy, Ω bounded by y = 0, x = 2a, and x2 = 4ay.

(b) f (x, y) = x2 y + y 3 , Ω = { (x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 }.

67. Evaluate the following integrals by first changing the order of integration.
Z 1Z 1
√ 2
(a) 2 xex dx dy
0 y2
Z 1 Z 1
2
(b) F
ex dx dy
0 y
Z 1Z 1
(c) sin(x2 ) dx dy
0 y
Z 1 Z 2−x2
F
(d) dy dx
−1 x2
Z 1 Z 2x
(e) F
x2 ex dy dx
0 x

68. Evaluate using polar co-ordinates.

Z Z √ 2 2 (4−x )
(a) √ x2 y 2 dy dx;
0 − (4−x2 )

Z 2 Z √(2y−y2 ) p
(b)F √ (x2 + y 2 ) dx dy.
0 − 2 (2y−y )

69. Use double integration to

(a)F find the volume lying between the paraboloids z = x2 + y 2 and 3z = 4 − x2 − y 2 ,

(b) find the volume lying inside both the sphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 2a2 and the cylinder x2 +y 2 = a2 ,
with a > 0.

70. Consider the integral Z 4 Z 12

sin(y 2 ) dy dx.
0 3x

(a) Make a sketch of the region of integration.

(b) Express the integral with the reverse order of integration.

(c) Hence evaluate it.

9
71F . Consider Z 1 Z 1 p
√
1 + y 3 dy dx.
0 x
(a) Make a sketch of the region of integration.
(b) Express the integral with the reverse order of integration.
(c) Hence evaluate the integral (leaving your answer in surd form).

72F . Find the centroid of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the x-axis, the parabola
y 2 = 2x, and the line x + y = 4.

73F . Find the centroid of the region cut from the first quadrant by the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 .

74. Find the centre of mass of a thin triangular plate bounded by the y-axis and the lines
y = x and y = 2 − x if the density is δ(x, y) = 6x + 3y + 3.

75F . Find the centre of mass and the moment of inertia about the x-axis of a thin plate
bounded by the curves x = y 2 and x = 2y − y 2 if the density at the point (x, y) is given by
δ(x, y) = y + 1.
√
76. Find the centre of mass of a thin plate bounded by the semi-circle y = a2 − x2 , the
lines x = ±a and the line y = −a if the density δ(x, y) is given by
(a) k (some constant),
(b) y + a,
(c) x + a.

77. Calculate the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the co-ordinate planes and the plane
z = 2 − 2x − y.

78F . Find the volume inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 16, cut off above by the plane z = 5 and
x2 + y 2
below by the surface z = .
8
p
79. Thepsolid S is bounded above by the sphere z = 2a2 − x2 − y 2 and below by the
cone z = x2 + y 2 . Sketch the solid and find its volume.

5 Ordinary differential equations

80. Find the general solution to the following 1st order differential equations.
dy
(a)F 2ex + (1 − ex ) tan y = 0.
dx
dy
(b) sec2 x tan y + sec2 y tan x = 0.
dx
dy
(c)F (x2 + 1) + 2xy − 4x2 = 0.
dx
dy
(d) x3 − 2y + 3x2 y − x3 = 0.
dx
10
 y
81. Use the substitution v = to
x
dy y−x
(a)F find the general solution to = ,
dx y+x
y2
(b) solve the initial value problem given by yy 0 = x3 + and y(2) = 6.
x

dy
82F . Use the substitution v = y + x to find the general solution of = (y + x)2 .
dx

83. Solve the following differential equations.

xy + 2
(a) y 0 = subject to y(0) = 1.
1 − x2
(b) yy 0 = x2 + sech2 x subject to y(0) = 4.

84F . Give the general solution y = y(x) to each of the following 2nd order differential equa-
tions.

(a) 2y 00 + y 0 − 6y = 0.

(b) y 00 + 4y 0 + 53y = 0.

(c) y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 0.

85F . Solve

(a) y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 30e4x ,

(b) y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = xe3x ,

(c) y 00 − 4y 0 (x) + 3y = 9x2 + 2e3x .

86F . A forced vibrating system is represented by

y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 5 cos t

where r(t) = 5 cos t is the driving force and y(t) is the displacement from the equilibrium
position. Find the motion of the system corresponding to the following initial displacement
and velocity
1
y(0) = , y 0 (0) = 1.
2
Then find the steady-state oscillations (that is, the response of the system after a sufficiently
long time).

87. Solve
d2 x
+ 9x = 12 sin 3t
dt2
subject to the initial conditions
dx
x = 5 and = 4 when t = 0.
dt

11
Variation of Parameters
Consider a second-order linear differential equation

y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = f (x).

If y1 (x) and y2 (x) are linearly independent solutions of the the corresponding homogeneous
equation, then a solution of the inhomogeneous equation is given by

y(x) = u1 (x)y1 (x) + u2 (x)y2 (x)

where
Z Z  
y2 (x)f (x) y1 (x)f (x) y1 y2
u1 (x) = − dx, u2 (x) = dx, W (x) = det 0 .
W (x) W (x) y1 y20

88. Use the method of variation of parameters to solve

d2 y 1
(a)F 2
+y = ;
dx cos x
e2x
(b) y 00 − 4y 0 + 5y = ;
sin x
(c)F y 00 + y = cot x;

(d) y 00 + 2y 0 + y = e−x cos x.

6 Matrices
  
1 −1 1 1 2 3
89. Find the matrix products AB and BA if A = −3 2 −1 and B = 2 4 6.
−2 1 0 1 2 3

90. Find the characteristic equation, the eigenvalues and the associated eigenvectors for the
following matrices.
 
0 −1 −3
(a) A =  2 3 3
−2 1 1
 
−6 2 −1
(b)F B =  2 −1 2 .
−1 2 2

91F . A curve has equation x2 + 8xy + 7y 2 = 36. Find an orthogonal matrix Q such that
   
x X
=Q
y Y

will refer the equation to the principal axes of the curve, and hence write down the equation in
terms of X and Y . Give the (x, y) coordinates of the points on the curve closest to the origin.

12
92F . Let  
1 3 0
A = 3 −2 −1 .
0 −1 1
(a) Show that the eigenvalues of the matrix are 1, −4 and 3 and then find the associated
eigenvectors.
(b) Hence express the equation of the surface x2 − 2y 2 + z 2 + 6xy − 2yz = 16 in terms of its
principal axes X, Y and Z.
(c) Write out an orthogonal matrix Q such that
   
x X
y  = Q  Y  .
z Z

(d) Deduce from your results the shortest distance from the origin to the surface described
in (b).

93. Use eigenvalue methods to find the general solution to the system of differential equations
dx
= 7x + y + z,
dt
dy
= 3x + y + 2z,
dt
dz
= x + 3y + 2z.
dt

94F . Let  
3 2 2
A = 2 2 0 .
2 0 4
(a) By solving for the zeros of the characteristic polynomial show that the eigenvalues of the
matrix are 0, 3 and 6.
(b) Find the eigenvectors corresponding to these eigenvalues.
(c) Find an orthogonal matrix Q such that D = QT AQ is a diagonal matrix.
(d) Using the results of (a), (b), (c) find the solution to initial-value problem
dx1
= 3x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 , x1 (0) = 3,
dt
dx2
= 2x1 + 2x2 , x2 (0) = 1,
dt
dx3
= 2x1 + 4x3 , x3 (0) = 4.
dt

7 The Laplace Transform

95. Find, by direct integration, the Laplace transforms of the following functions.
(a)F 5t + 3
(b) cos(ωt)

13
96. Use tables to find the Laplace transforms of the following functions.
(a)F t2 + 2t + 3
(b)F sin 5t
(c)F e3t−4
(d)F te2t
(e) t6 e4t
(f) et sin t
(g) t cos ωt
(h) 4t2 et

97F . Let g(t) = 2t − 2u(t − 1).

(a) Sketch the graph of g.
(b) Find L(g(t)).

98. Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions.

(a) (t − 5)3 u(t − 5)
(b) cos 3(t − 4) u(t − 4)

99. Use tables to find the following inverse Laplace transforms.

 
F −1 1 s
(a) L +
25s2 s2 + 25
 
−1 1
(b) L
s2 + (π/2)2
 
F −1 s−2
(c) L
s2 − 4s + 5
 
−1 π
(d) L
(s + π)2
 
F −1 1
(e) L
(s + 3)(s + 2)
 
−1 12s
(f) L
s2 + 5s + 4
 −3s 
F −1 e
(g) L
s2
 −2s 
−1 e s
(h) L
s2 + 9
3e−s
 
−1
(i) L
(s − 2)2

14
100. Use Laplace transforms to solve the initial-value problem

y 00 + 4y = 0, y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = −8.

101. Use Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation

d2 x dx
2
−5 + 6x = 24e−t
dt dt
dx
given that x = 3 and = 2 when t = 0.
dt

102F . Using Laplace transforms, solve y 00 − 4y 0 + 5y = 0 if y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 2.

103. Use the Laplace transform method to find a solution to the system
dx
+ 2y − x = 0, x(0) = 1,
dt
dy
− 2x − y = 0, y(0) = 0.
dt

104F . Use the Laplace transform method to solve the initial value problem

y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = r(t), y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 3,

where r(t) is as shown below.

r(t)

t
1 2

105. A particle of mass m moves along the x-axis. At time t = 0 it is at the origin and moving
with velocity V , when a constant force F is applied for a time a, after which it is removed.
Find the position of the particle as a function of t, using the Laplace transform method.
That is, solve the following problem:

d2 x
dx
m 2
= 1 − u(t − a) F for t > 0, with x = 0 and = V when t = 0.
dt dt

15
8 Fourier Series
If f (x) has period T = 2L, then
∞  
X nπx nπx
f (x) = a0 + an cos + bn sin
n=1
L L
where Z L
1
a0 = f (x)dx
2L −L
and, for n ≥ 1,
1 L
Z
nπx
an = f (x) cos dx,
L −L L
1 L
Z
nπx
bn = f (x) sin dx.
L −L L

106. State which of the following functions of x are odd, even, both or neither.
(a) |x|
(b)F x cos(nx)
(c) sin(x) + cos(x)
(d) c, where c is a constant
(e) ln(1 + ex ) − x/2
(f)F sin2 x.

107. The following functions f are assumed to be periodic with period 2π. Sketch their graphs
for −4π ≤ x ≤ 4π. Are they odd, even or neither?
(a) f (x) = x|x| for −π < x < π
(b) f (x) = e|x| for −π < x < π
π π

x, − < x <

(c)F f (x) = 2 2
π 3π
0,
 <x< .
2 2

108F . Find the Fourier series for

(
5, −π < x ≤ 0
f (x) =
3, 0 < x ≤ π.

109F . For the function g given by

(
1, 0<x<1
g(x) =
4 − 2x, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2,
(a) sketch over (−10, 10) the graph of the function represented by the half-range Fourier sine
series;
(b) make a separate sketch over (−10, 10) of the graph of the function represented by the
half-range Fourier cosine series.

16
110. Find the Fourier series of L(x) = 3(x + 1) for −2 < x < 2. Find a result on an infinite
series by considering your answer at x = 5.

111. Periodically extend the function

f (t) = e−t , 0 < t < 1,
in an odd manner for −1 < t < 0 and find its Fourier series. Plot f (t) for −2 < t < 2 and state
the value of the Fourier series representation at t = 0.

112. Let
f (x) = e−x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
and suppose that f is extended to an even function with period 2; thus
f (−x) = f (x) and f (x + 2) = f (x) for all x.
(a) Sketch the graph of f (x) for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
(b) Find the coefficients in the cosine half-range expansion
∞
X
f (x) = a0 + an cos nπx.
n=1

You may assume that

e−x (b sin bx − cos bx)
Z
e−x cos(bx) dx = + constant.
1 + b2

(c) Compute the numerical values of a0 and a1 , and use these to sketch the graph of
S1 (x) = a0 + a1 cos πx
for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Are your graphs of f (x) and S1 (x) roughly similar in shape?

113F . A vibrating system is governed by the differential equation

d2 x
+ 50x = F (t), (1)
dt2
where t is the time, x(t) is the displacement from equilibrium and F (t) is the applied force
function.
(a) When the function F (t) is represented by the series
∞
X
F (t) = b0 + bn sin nt (2)
n=1

find a series which is a particular integral of the differential equation (1) given above.
(b) For the case of the following periodic force
(
2, 0 < t < π,
F (t) =
0, −π < t < 0,

with F (t + 2π) = F (t) for all t, write down an integral formula for the bn in the Fourier
series (2) and evaluate the integral. Hence find an infinite series which is a particular
integral of the differential equation (1).

17
 (c) By tabulating the amplitudes of the various components of the input forcing function
and the output displacement of the system, or otherwise, determine which component of
the forcing function gives the largest contribution to the observed output displacement.
What is this phenomenon called?

9 Partial Differential Equations

114. Consider the partial differential equation
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
− 4 = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2
(a) Use D’Alembert’s method to find a solution in terms of arbitrary functions.
(b) Determine the particular solution satisfying u(x, 0) = 0 and uy (x, 0) = 8 sin 2x.

115. Consider the partial differential equation

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
7 − 8 + = 0.
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
(a) By finding the values of λ for which u = F (x − λy) is a solution of the PDE, find a
solution in terms of two arbitrary functions.
(b) Determine the particular solution satisfying u(x, 0) = 0 and uy (x, 0) = 9e−x .

116F . A vibrating string of length π metres satisfies the wave equation

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= 25 ,
∂t2 ∂x2
where u(x, t) is the transverse displacement of the string, at position x and time t. The ends
of the string are held fixed so that
u(0, t) = u(π, t) = 0, for all time t.
(a) Assuming a solution of the form u(x, t) = F (x)G(t), show that
1 d2 G 1 d2 F
= =k for some constant k.
25G dt2 F dx2
(b) Show that only k < 0 yields non-trivial solutions and set k = −(p2 ) for some p > 0.
(c) Applying the boundary conditions, show that p = n for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . and that possible
solutions for F (x) are
Fn (x) = Bn sin(nx)
where Bn are constants.
(d) Find all possible solutions Gn (t) for G(t).
(e) If the initial displacement and velocity of the string are
u(x, 0) = 2 sin(x) − sin(2x) and ut (x, 0) = 0,
find the general solution u(x, t).
π
(f) Hence determine the maximal transverse displacement of the string at time t = sec-
15
onds.

18
117F . The temperature in a conducting metal bar of length π units is described by the heat
equation
∂u ∂ 2u
= 3 2,
∂t ∂x
where u(x, t) is the temperature at position x and time t. The ends of the metal bar are held
at a constant temperature of 0◦ C so that

u(0, t) = u(π, t) = 0 for all t > 0.

(a) Assuming a solution of the form u(x, t) = F (x)G(t) show that

G0 (t) F 00 (x)
= =k for some constant k.
3G(t) F (x)

(b) Write down the boundary conditions for F (x).

(c) Apply the boundary conditions to show that the possible solutions for F (x) are

Fn (x) = Bn sin(nx)

where Bn are constants and n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . You must consider all possible values of k.

(d) Find all possible solutions Gn (t) for G(t) and write down the general solution for un (x, t) =
Fn (x)Gn (t).

(e) If the initial temperature distribution is u(x, 0) = 1, find the solution u(x, t), expressing
your answer as an infinite series.

118. The temperature u(x, t) in a bar of unit length obeys the heat equation

∂u 1 ∂ 2u
= .
∂t 4 ∂x2
The bar has its ends maintained at zero temperature, that is,

u(0, t) = 0 and u(1, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0.

The initial temperature distribution is

1
u(x, 0) = sin 2πx − sin 4πx for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
3
Obtain the solution u(x, t) by using the method of separation of variables.

119. Solve the wave equation

∂ 2u 1 ∂ 2u
= for 0 < x < L and t > 0,
∂x2 c2 ∂t2
subject to the homogeneous boundary conditions

u = 0 at x = 0 and at x = L, for all t > 0,

together with the initial conditions

4πx ∂u
u = k sin and = 0 for 0 < x < L, when t = 0.
L ∂t
19
120. The temperature in a bar of unit length obeys the heat equation

∂v 1 ∂ 2v
= ,
∂t 4 ∂x2
where v(x, t) is the temperature. The bar has an initial temperature distribution
(
α, 0 ≤ x < 1/2,
v(x, 0) =
0, 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 1,

and is insulated so that the flux of heat at each end is zero:

∂v
= 0 at x = 0 and at x = 1, for all t > 0.
∂x
Using the method of separation of variables, obtain the solution v(x, t). Plot the temperature
distribution at t = 0 and as t → ∞. Explain why v does not tend to zero as t → ∞.

121. The steady-state distribution of heat in a semi-infinite slab of height h is given by

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ = 0 for x > 0 and 0 < y < h,
∂x2 ∂y 2
with boundary conditions

u(x, 0) = u(x, h) = 0 for all x > 0,

u(x, y) → 0 as x → ∞, for 0 < y < h,
u(0, y) = 1 for 0 < y < h.

Use the method of separation of variables to find the solution u(x, y).

20
Standard integrals

xn+1
Z Z
n dx
x dx = +C (n 6= −1) = ln |x| + C
n+1 x

ekx ax
Z Z
kx
e dx = +C ax dx = +C (a 6= 1)
k ln a
Z Z
cos kx sin kx
sin kx dx = − +C cos kx dx = +C
k k
Z Z
2 tan kx cot kx
sec kx dx = +C cosec2 kx dx = − +C
k k

ln | sec kx|
Z Z
1
tan kx dx = +C sec kx dx = (ln | sec kx + tan kx|) + C
k k
Z Z
dx 1 −1 x dx x
= tan +C √ = sin−1 + C
a2 + x2 a a a2 − x2 a
Z Z
dx x dx x
√ = sinh−1 + C √ = cosh−1 + C
x 2 + a2 a x 2 − a2 a
Z π/2
n − 1 π/2 n−2
Z π/2
n − 1 π/2
Z Z
n n
sin x dx = sin x dx cos x dx = cosn−2 x dx
0 n 0 0 n 0

21
Table of Laplace Transforms
The function g(t) is defined for all t ≥ 0, and its Laplace transform
Z ∞
G(s) = L{g(t)} = e−st g(t) dt
0

exists. The Heaviside step function u is defined by


0, for t < a,

u(t − a) = 12 , for t = a,

1, for t > a.


g(t) G(s) = L{g(t)}

1
1
s
1
t
s2
ν!
tν , ν > −1
sν+1
1
e−αt
s+α
ω
sin ωt
s + ω2
2

s
cos ωt
s2 + ω 2
e−as
u(t − a)
s

f 0 (t) sF (s) − f (0)

f 00 (t) s2 F (s) − sf (0) − f 0 (0)

e−αt f (t) F (s + α)

f (t − a)u(t − a) e−as F (s)

tf (t) −F 0 (s)

22
Answers to Selected Questions
2. (a) fxx = −fyy = −2(x2 − y 2 )/(x2 + y 2 )2 , fxy = −4xy/(x2 + y 2 )2 (b) fxx = 2y − y sin x,
fyy = − cos y, fxy = 2x + cos x (c) 2xy/(x2 + y 2 )2 , −2xy/(x2 + y 2 )2 , (y 2 − x2 )/(x2 + y 2 )2 .
2
5. (a) 1/(1 + π) (b) 0. 6. 4x cos 2t − 4ytey sin t2 . 7. 2x2 − 2xy − 2y 2 . 8. 2.
3 2
9. 99. 10. 0. 15. (a) x − x /6 (b) 1 − (x − π/2) /2. 16. 2 + 4(x − 1) + (y −
2 2
2) + 2(x − 1) + 2(x − 1)(y − 2) + (x − 1) (y − 2)
2 2
18. (a) 1 − 2x + 2xy − 1y /2 + ·2· · (b) −2x + (y + π/2) + · · · .
19. e 1 + (x − 1) +y + 2 (x − 1) + (x − 1)y + · · · .
√ √ √
20. √12 − 2(x − π4 + √12 (y − π4 ) − 2(x − π4 )2 + 2(x − π4 )(y − π4 ) − 2√1 2 (y − π4 )2 .
21. 2(x − 1) − (x − 1)2 + y 2 , 0.2. 22. e−2 [1 − (x − 2) + 12 (x − 2)2 − 12 (y − π2 )2 ], 0.14659.
23. 2.95. 24. |dT | ≤ 8/100. 25. |dv/v| ≤ 0.0242 = 2.42%. 26. 0.1%.
27. 0.024. 28. 16%. 29. (a) 3.6 (c) 0.0408.
31. (a) 2ka/(a2 + k 2 )2 (b) (a2 − k 2 )/(a2 + k 2 )2 . 33. πα/(α2 − 1)3/2 .
2 3/2
sin tπ π cos tπ 2 cos t 3 cos t
34. − . 35. − . 36. (a) Minimum of −5 at (−3, 3).
t2 t t 2t
(b) Saddle point at (−2, 1). (c) Minimum of 0 at (1, −2). (d) Minimum of −6 at (2, −1).
(e) Saddle point at (1, −1), minimum of 0 at (0, 0). (f) Saddle point at (0, 0), maximum of 2 at
(1, 1) and (−1, −1). 37. Saddle point at (0, 0). Minimum of 14 at (1, 1). 38. For 0 <
A < 2, local minimum at (0, 0, 7). For A > 2, saddle √ point at (0, 0, 7). For A = √2, local
minimum √ on line x = y. 39. Maximum at (±1/ 2, ±1/2), minimum at ±(−1/ 2, 1/2)
and (1/ 2, −1/2). 40. Local minimum of 0 at (0, 3), local maximum of 4 at (2, 1).
41. (a) Minimum of 8 at √ (4,√4). (b) maximum
√ √ of 64 at (8, 8). √ 42. √ r = 2 cm, √ √ h =
4 cm. 43. T = 0 at ( 5, 2 5) or (− 5, −2 5), T = 125 at (2 5, − 5) or (−2 5, 5).
44. (3/2, 2, 5/2). 45. (0, 0, ±2) are each closest to the origin. 46. 50. 47. x =
2/3, y = 4/3, z = −4/3. 48. (a) −10j − 15k (b) 6i − 6j + 3k (c) 30 (d) 30
(e) −7i + 3j − 2k (f) −i + 7j + 16k. 49. (a) x = 3 − t, y = 3 − 9t, z = −5 + 6t
(b) r = (1 + 2t)i + (−1 + 3t)j + (1 − t)k. 50. (a) 34 (b) 40.
52. (a) (−3 sin t − 3t cos t)i + (3 cos 2t − 6t sin 2t − 4te−t + 2t2 e−t )j + (−4t sin t − 2t2 cos t)k
(b) (−3t2 cos t + t3 sin t)i − (3t2 sin t + t3 cos t)j + (5t2 sin t − sin t − 11t cos t)k. √ √
53. (a) v = −e−t i − 6 sin √ 3tj + 6 cos√ 3tk, a = e−t
i − 18 cos 3tj − 18 sin 3tk (b) √37, √325.
54. (a) 16i (b) (−2−π 2/8)i+j− 2/2k. 55. (a) √ x = 1+2t, y = 1+2t,
√ z = 2+2 √2 t.
(b) x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 − 4t, z = 1 + 4t. 56. −5/ 10.  57. (a) 38 (b) −7/ 14.
8 √
1
58. (b) ∇φ(2, 1, 3) = 8i + 6j + 6k (c) û = √135 6  (d) −4/ 5  61. (a) 11 13
6
√
(b) 14. 62. (a) 12 (b) 64π. 63. (a) 3 (b) 49013/3. 64. (a) 104/3
(b) 14. 65. (a) 1/12 (b) 7/6. 66. (a) a4 /3 (b) 1/5.
67. (a) (e − 1) (b) (e − 1)/2 (c) (1√− cos 1)/2 (d) 8/3 (e) 6 − 2e. 68. (a) 4π/3
3
(b) 32/9. √69. (a) 2π/3 (b) 4πa (2 2 − 1)/3. 70. (1 − cos 144)/6.
71. (2/9)(2 2 − 1). 72. (64/35, 5/7). 73. (4a/(3π), 4a/(3π)). 74. (3/8, √17/16).
4 3
75. (8/15, 8/15), Ix = 1/6. 77. 2/3. 78. 64π. 79. 3
πa ( 2 − 1).
3
4x c
80. (a) sec y = C(ex − 1)2 (b) tan x tan y = C (c) y = 2 + 1)
+ 2
√ 3(x x +1
3 3 1/x2 −1
(d) y = x /2 + Cx e . 83. (a) y 1 − x = 2 sin x + 1 (b) 3y = 2x3 + 6 tanh x + 48.
2 2

84. (a) y = Ae3x/2 + Be−2x (b) y = e−2x (A cos 7x + B sin 7x) (c) y = (C1 + C2 x)e2x
85. (a) y = Ae−x + Be−2x + e4x (b) y = (A + Bx)e2x + (x − 2)e3x
(c) y = Aex + (x + B)e3x + 3x2 + 8x + 26/3. 86. y = (cos t + 3 sin t)/2.
87. x = (5 − 2t) cos 3t + 2 sin 3t. 88. (a) y = A cos x + B sin x + cos x ln | cos x| + x sin x

23
(b) y = e2x (A cos x + B sin x − x cos x + ln | sin x| sin x)
(c) y = A cos x + B sin x − sin x cos x + sin x(ln |cosecx −  cot x| + cos x) 
−11 6 1
(d) y = e−x (A + Bx − cos x). 89. AB = 0 and BA = −22 12 −2. 90. (a) λ1 = 4,
  −11 6 −1
−1
v1 =  1 ,
1      
−1 1 5
λ2 = 2, v 2 = −1 , λ3 = −2, v 3 = −1 . (b) λ1 = −7, v 1 = −2,
    
1   1 1
−1 0
λ2 = −1, v 2 = −2 , λ3 = 3, v 3 = 1.
  
1 2
2 2
   
1 1 −2 X Y 2 4
91. √ , − = 1, ± √ , ± √ . 92. (b) X 2 + 3Y 2 − 4Z 2 = 16
5 2√ 1 √4 36 √  5 5
1/ 10 −3/√14 −3/√ 35 √
(c) Q =  √ 0 −2/√ 14 5/√35  (c) 4/ 3.
 3/ 10  1/  14 1/ 35     
x 0 4 9 −2
−t  3t  8t  
93.  y = ae
 −1 + be
 −5 + ce
 5 . 94. (b) λ1 = 0, v 1 =  2 ,
z   1 −11
  4  1
1 2 −2 1 2
1
λ2 = 3, v 2 =  2 , λ3 = 6, v 3 = 1
   (b) 2 2 1
3
  −2  
   2 1 −2 2
x1 −1 10
1 5 3 s 2
(d) x2  = e3t −2 + e6t  5 . 95. (a) 2 + (b) 2 2
. 96. (a) 3 +
3 s s s +ω s
x3 2 10
2 3 5 e−4 1 6! 1 s2 − ω 2
+ (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
s2 s s2 + 25 s−3 (s − 2)2 (s − 4)7 1 + (s − 1)2 (s2 + ω 2 )2
−s
8 2 2e
(h) 3
. 97. (b) 2 − .
(s − 1) s s
3!e−5s se−4s
 
t 2 πt
98. (a) 4
(b) 2 . 99. (a) + cos(5t) (b) sin (c) e2t cos t
s s +9 25 π 2
(d) πte−πt (e) −e−3t + e−2t (f) 16e−4t − 4e−t (g) (t − 3)u(t − 3) (h) cos(3(t − 2)) u(t − 2)
(i) 3e2(t−1) (t − 1)u(t − 1). 100. y = 2 cos(2t) − 4 sin(2t). 101. x = 2e−t + 2e3t − e2t .
102. y = e2t cos t. 103. x = et cos(2t), y = et sin(2t).
104. y = u(t − 1)[ 2 + 12 e2(t−1) − et−1 ] − u(t − 2)[ 12 + 12 e2(t−2) − et−2 ] + [2e2t − et ].
1

F t2 F t2 F
105. x = + V t for t < a, and x = − (t − a)2 + V t for t > a. 108. 4 +
∞
2m 2m ∞
2m
X 2 12 X (−1)n+1  nπx 
(cos nπ − 1) sin(nx). 110. 3 + sin ,
n=1
nπ π n=1
n 2
∞
π 1 1 1 X e − (−1)n 2nπ
= 1− + − +· · · . 111. e−t = 2π2
sin(nπt) 112. a0 = 1−e−1 ,
4 3 5 7 n=1
e 1 + n
∞
2 n −1 b0 X bn
an = [1 − (−1) e ]. 113. (a) + sin(nt)
1 + n2 π 2 50 n=1 50 − n2
∞
1 X 4
(b) +
sin((2k − 1)t) (c) k = 4. 114. u = −4 cos(2x +
50 k=1 (2k − 1)π 50 − (2k − 1)2

24
y) + 4 cos(2x − y). 115. u = − 32 e−(x+7y) + 32 e−(x+y) .
√
3 3
116. (d) Gn (t) = C cos(5nt) + D sin(5nt) (e) 2 sin(x) cos(5t) − sin(2x) cos(10t) (f) .
2
4
117. (b) F (0) = F (π) = 0 (d) un (x, t) = Bn sin(nx)e−3n t
∞
X 2(1 − (−1)n ) 2 2 2
(e) u(x, t) = sin(nx)e−3n t . 118. u = e−π t sin(2πx) − 13 e−4π t sin(4πx).
n=1
nπ
  
4πx 4πct
119. u = k sin cos .
L L
∞  
α 2α X 1 (2k + 1)π 2 2
120. v = + sin e−(2k+1) π t/4 cos ((2k + 1)πx).
2 π k=0 2k + 1 2
∞
4 X e−(2k+1)πx/h  y
121. u = sin (2k + 1)π
π k=0 2k + 1 h

25