Lecture PowerPoints Chapter 16 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6th edition Giancoli
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Chapter 16 Electric Charge and Electric Field
Units of Chapter 16
Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation Electric Charge in the Atom Insulators and Conductors Induced Charge; the Electroscope Coulombs Law Solving Problems Involving Coulombs Law and Vectors The Electric Field
Units of Chapter 16
Field Lines Electric Fields and Conductors Gausss Law
16.1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation
Objects can be charged by rubbing
16.1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation
Charge comes in two types, positive and negative; like charges repel and opposite charges attract
16.1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation
Atom:
16.2 Electric Charge in the Atom
Electric charge is conserved the arithmetic sum of the total charge cannot change in any interaction.
Nucleus (small, massive, positive charge) Electron cloud (large, very low density, negative charge)
16.2 Electric Charge in the Atom
Atom is electrically neutral. Rubbing charges objects by moving electrons from one to the other.
16.2 Electric Charge in the Atom
Polar molecule: neutral overall, but charge not evenly distributed
16.3 Insulators and Conductors
Conductor: Charge flows freely Metals Insulator: Almost no charge flows Most other materials
16.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope
Metal objects can be charged by conduction:
Some materials are semiconductors.
16.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope
They can also be charged by induction:
16.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope
Nonconductors wont become charged by conduction or induction, but will experience charge separation:
16.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope
The electroscope can be used for detecting charge:
16.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope
The electroscope can be charged either by conduction or by induction.
16.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope
The charged electroscope can then be used to determine the sign of an unknown charge.
16.5 Coulombs Law
Experiment shows that the electric force between two charges is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them.
16.5 Coulombs Law
Coulombs law:
(16-1)
16.5 Coulombs Law
The force is along the line connecting the charges, and is attractive if the charges are opposite, and repulsive if they are the same.
This equation gives the magnitude of the force.
16.5 Coulombs Law
Unit of charge: coulomb, C The proportionality constant in Coulombs law is then:
16.5 Coulombs Law
Charge on the electron:
Charges produced by rubbing are typically around a microcoulomb:
Electric charge is quantized in units of the electron charge.
16.5 Coulombs Law
The proportionality constant k can also be written in terms of , the permittivity of free space:
Figure 16-16 Example 16-1. Find the magnitude and direction of the force on the electron
r = 0.53 10 10 m
r = 0.53 10 10 m
(16-2)
F = 8.2 10 8 N
Figure 16-17 Example 16-2
16.5 Coulombs Law
Coulombs law strictly applies only to point charges. Superposition: for multiple point charges, the forces on each charge from every other charge can be calculated and then added as vectors.
Which charge exerts the greater force?
16.6 Solving Problems Involving Coulombs Law and Vectors
The net force on a charge is the vector sum of all the forces acting on it.
16.6 Solving Problems Involving Coulombs Law and Vectors
Vector addition review:
16.5 Coulombs Law
Example: calculate the net force on Q3
16.7 The Electric Field
The electric field is the force on a small charge, divided by the charge:
(16-3)
16.7 The Electric Field
For a point charge:
(16-4a)
16.7 The Electric Field
Force on a point charge in an electric field:
(16-5)
Superposition principle for electric fields:
(16-4b)
16.8 Field Lines
The electric field can be represented by field lines. These lines start on a positive charge and end on a negative charge.
16.8 Field Lines
The number of field lines starting (ending) on a positive (negative) charge is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
The electric field is stronger where the field lines are closer together.
16.8 Field Lines
Electric dipole: two equal charges, opposite in sign:
16.8 Field Lines
The electric field between two closely spaced, oppositely charged parallel plates is constant.
16.8 Field Lines
Summary of field lines: 1. Field lines indicate the direction of the field; the field is tangent to the line. 2. The magnitude of the field is proportional to the density of the lines. 3. Field lines start on positive charges and end on negative charges; the number is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
16.9 Electric Fields and Conductors
The static electric field inside a conductor is zero if it were not, the charges would move.
The net charge on a conductor is on its surface.
16.9 Electric Fields and Conductors
The electric field is perpendicular to the surface of a conductor again, if it were not, charges would move.
Figure 16-35 Example 16-10
Application: shielding, Faraday cage
16.10 Gausss Law
Electric flux:
16.10 Gausss Law
Flux through a closed surface:
(16-7)
Electric flux through an area is proportional to the total number of field lines crossing the area.
16.10 Gausss Law
The net number of field lines through the surface is proportional to the charge enclosed, and also to the flux, giving Gausss law:
(16-9)
Figure 16-39 Gaussian surfaces
Example: electric field near charged spherical shell
This can be used to find the electric field in situations with a high degree of symmetry.
Summary of Chapter 16
Figure 16-41 Example 16-12
Example: electric field at surface of a conductor
Two kinds of electric charge positive and negative Charge is conserved Charge on electron:
: surface charge density
Conductors: electrons free to move
E=
Q = 0 A 0
Insulators: nonconductors
Summary of Chapter 16
Charge is quantized in units of e Objects can be charged by conduction or induction Coulombs law:
Summary of Chapter 16
Electric field of a point charge:
Electric field can be represented by electric field lines Static electric field inside conductor is zero; surface field is perpendicular to surface Electric flux: Gausss law:
Electric field is force per unit charge:
