GENERATOR PROTECTION
GENERATOR PROTECTION
GENERATOR MAIN-SYSTEMS
STATOR
ROTOR
TRANSFORMER
GENERATOR PROTECTION
GENERATOR SUB-SYSTEMS
STATOR
ROTOR
PRIME MOVER
EXCITATION SYSTEM
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
GOVERNOR
COOLING SYSTEM
GENERATOR PROTECTION
EXTERNAL
FAULTS
INTERNAL FAULTS
ROTOR EARTH FAULT
FAULTS RELATED TO SUB SYSTEMS
GENERATOR PROTECTION
EXTERNAL FAULTS
OVER LOADING
UNBALANCE LOADING
SHORT CIRCUIT
EARTH FAULT
GENERATOR PROTECTION
INTERNAL FAULTS
PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS IN
WINDINGS
PHASE TO EARTH FAULTS
GENERATOR PROTECTION
UNDER VOLTAGE
OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER FREQUENCY
OVER FREQUENCY
REVERSE POWER
LOSS OF EXCITATION
LOW-FORWARD POWER
GENERATOR PROTECTION
TYPES OF FAULTS (STATOR SIDE)
GENERATOR PROTECTION
VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT
THERMAL OVER LOAD
CURRENT UNBALANCE
OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER VOLTAGE
OVER FREQUENCY
UNDER FREQUENCY
LOSS OF FIELD
REVERSE POWER
UNDER POWER
OUT OF STEP
INADVERTANT ENERGISATION
EARTH FAULT (100%)
EARTH FAULT (95%)
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL
OVER EXCITATION (V/Hz)
GENERATOR PROTECTION
TYPES OF FAULTS (ROTOR SIDE)
ROTOR EARTH FAULT
EXCITATION UNDER VOLTAGE
EXCITATION UNDER CURRENT
DIODE FAILURE
GENERATOR PROTECTION
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
GENERATOR PROTECTION
11 kV
11000/110v
27
49
400/5
51V 46
400/5
87G
6.6 MW
400/5
59
40
81
32
37
64
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY
TYPE OF GENERATOR
GENERATOR SIZE
NATURE OF GROUNDING
ECONOMY
TYPE OF CONNECTION
TYPE OF LOADS
GENERATOR PROTECTION
ANOTOMY OF FAULTS
STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )
1.0
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
PLAIN OVER CURRENT
( SMALL MACHINES)
VOLTAGE DEPENDANT OVER CURRENT
(LARGE MACHINES)
STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )
1.0
PLAIN OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
RELAY ON BREAKER SIDE
RELAY ON NEUTRAL SIDE
STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )
1.0
PLAIN OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
FAULT AWAY FROM TERMINALS
(PLAIN O/C PROTECTION)
FAULT CLOSE TO TERMINALS
(VOLTAGE DEPENDENT O/C)
STATOR FAULTS
VOLTAGE DEPENDENT OVER CURRENT
- WHEN O/C FAULT, TERMINAL VOLTAGE REDUCES.
- RELAY MAY NOT TRIP, SINCE FAULT CURRENT
THROUGH RELAY MAY BE LESS THAN SET POINT
NECESSARY TO VARY THE O/C PICK UP SETTING
WITH RESPECT TO VOLTAGE
STATOR FAULTS
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT
HAS TWO TRIP CHARACTERISTICS
THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE DECIDES
WHICH CHARCTERISTIC WILL BE
FOLLOWED BY THE RELAY WHEN
A FAULT OCCURS
STATOR FAULTS
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT
Pick up level
I>
kI >
Vs >
Voltage Level
GENERATOR PROTECTION
VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT
I*/ [I>]
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.8
V/Vs
STATOR FAULTS
EARTH FAULT
DEPENDS ON HOW
THE GENERATOR IS EARTHED
GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS
GENERATOR NEUTRAL IS EARTHED
-
for stator protection
for operator safety
GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS DIRECT EARTHING
Stator Windings
RELAY
GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS
IMPEDANCE EARTHING
Stator Windings
TYPES OF IMPEDANCES
RESISTOR
(CURRENT BASED PROTECTION)
B) TRANSFORMER
(VOLTAGE BASED PROTECTION)
C) TRANSFORMER
D) (CURRENT BASED PROTECTION)
GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS
RESISTANCE EARTHING
Stator Windings
CURRENT
RELAY
GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS
TRANSFORMER EARTHING (VOLTAGE BASED)
Stator Windings
VOLTAGE
RELAY
GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS
TRANSFORMER EARTHING (CURENT BASED)
Stator Windings
CURRENT
RELAY
GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS
TRANSFORMER EARTHING (OPEN DELTA)
Stator Windings
OPEN
DELTA PT
VOLTAGE
RELAY
VOLTAGE
RELAY
STATOR FAULTS
EARTH FAULT
WHEN A FAULT OCCURES CLOSE TO NEUTRAL,
WITH IMPEDANCE GROUNDING, THE
E/F CURRENT MAY BE LESS THAN THE
PICK UP THRESHOLD OF THE NORMAL
E/F RELAY OR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
GENERATOR PROTECTION
STATOR EARTH FAULT
95% EARTH FAULT
NORMAL RELAY
100% EARTH FAULT
SPECIAL RELAY
SENSES ABSENCE
OF 3RD HARMONICS
GENERATOR PROTECTION
STATOR EARTH FAULT
95 TO 100%
95%
0%
GENERATOR PROTECTION
EARTHING OF GENERATORS
(Close to neutral faults)
Stator Windings
a
CURRENT
RELAY
If
If = aV / R
GENERATOR PROTECTION
100% STATOR EARTH FAULT
Measurement of third harmonic voltage
across the earthing impedance
Use of low frequency voltage injection
between star point & earth
GENERATOR PROTECTION
LOSS OF FIELD IN GENERATORS
GENERATOR WILL OVER SPEED &
OPERATE AS AN INDUCTION GENERATOR
(OVER SPEEDS OF THE ORDER OF 2 TO 5% )
GENERATOR WILL CONTINUE TO DELIVER POWER
WILL DERIVE EXCITATION FROM THE SYSTEM
STATOR CURRENT WILL BE 200%
THERE WILL BE HEAVY ROTOR CURRENT
RESULTS IN OVER HEATING
GENERATOR PROTECTION
REVERSE POWER GENERATORS
GENERATOR WILL BECOME MOTOR
HARMFUL TO THE PRIME MOVER
( STEAM TURBINE WILL OVER HEAT)
(DIESEL ENGINE WILL EXPLODE DUE
TO UNBURNT FUEL)
(HYDRAULIC TUBINE WILL HAVE CAVITATION)
GENERATOR PROTECTION
INADVERTANT ENERGISATION
- APPLICATION OF FULL VOLTAGE AT
STANDSTILL
COASTING TO STOP
BEFORE SYNCHRONISM
- PRESENCE OF UNBALANCE VOLTAGE DUE TO
FLASH OVER AT IONE OR TWO POLES OF BREAKER
GENERATOR FORCED TO START AS
INDUCTION MOTOR RESULTING IN MECHANICAL
DAMAGES TO PRIME MOVER AND EXCESSIVE
HEATING IN THE ROTOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
V/Hz PROTECTION
- INCORRECT VOLTAGE REGULATOR ACTION
- LOAD THROW - OFF
- SUDDEN OVER VOLTAGE / OVER FREQUENCY
RESULTS IN OVER FLUXING OF GENERATOR
AND OVER HEATING
