Nowadays, the uses for nanomaterials are continuously expanding; their applications have been found to have new and interesting uses in bio-oriented fields. Copper and graphene-containing composites are especially interesting for medical applications, both for therapeutic and toxicological reasons. Therefore, this work aims to investigate two new composites of titanium dioxide nanoparticles containing copper (I) and (II) oxides (2% w/w) and (reduced or unreduced) graphene oxide (10% w/w). Their cytotoxic effects and photodynamic attributes were investigated on healthy skin cells (HaCaT) and melanoma cells (A375) exposed to visible light (blue, green, or red), in the search for a promising candidate for red LED therapy. The physical-chemical characterization was performed by transmission/scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray powder diffractometry, and UV–Vis spectrometry. MTT, LDH, and Griess assays were used to assess cytotoxicity, cell membrane damage, and NO induced cell stress. Our results demonstrate that the composite with reduced graphene oxide does not affect healthy cells but has an antitumoral effect when activated by red LED. In addition, it also protected healthy skin cells from the known deleterious effects of long exposure to blue light. The study was supplemented with the antimicrobial effect, and our findings indicate that these composites have biological activity against bacteria (Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus).
ISSN: 2631-6331
Functional Composites and Structures is a new journal that will serve the international community by rapidly communicating high-quality research results and technological developments. This journal is co-owned by the Korean Society for Composite Materials (KSCM) and IOP Publishing.
- The following article is Open accessPhotodynamic attributes of CuxO-TiO2/graphene and their potential applications in skin conditions
Maria Suciu et al 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 035001
- Structural battery composites: a review
Leif E Asp et al 2019 Funct. Compos. Struct. 1 042001
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in structural battery composites research. Structural battery composites are a class of structural power composites aimed to provide mass-less energy storage for electrically powered structural systems. Structural battery composites are made from carbon fibres in a structural electrolyte matrix material. Neat carbon fibres are used as a structural negative electrode, exploiting their high mechanical properties, excellent lithium insertion capacity and high electrical conductivity. Lithium iron phosphate coated carbon fibres are used as the structural positive electrode. Here, the lithium iron phosphate is the electrochemically active substance and the fibres carry mechanical loads and conduct electrons. The surrounding structural electrolyte is lithium ion conductive and transfers mechanical loads between fibres. With these constituents, structural battery half-cells and full-cells are realised with a variety in device architecture. The paper also presents an overview of material modelling and characterisation performed to date. Particular reference is given to work performed in national and European research projects under the leadership of the authors, who are able to provide a unique insight into this emerging and exciting field of research.
- The following article is Open accessPrediction of tensile and flexural properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites using machine learning models
Md Mominur Rahman et al 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 025003
View article, Prediction of tensile and flexural properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites using machine learning modelsPDF, Prediction of tensile and flexural properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites using machine learning modelsThe reliable design of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites is still challenging because of their complex heterogeneous nature. The limitations of existing predictive models are the joint estimation of tensile and flexural properties for both pure and hybrid constituents. Traditional characterization of these properties is dependent on costly time-consuming destructive testing and, at the same time, simulated predictive models are prone to suffering from oversimplified assumptions. To fill this gap, machine learning (ML) models have been implemented in this study with experimental data of 54 laminates with different fiber constituents (pure, bi- and tri-hybrids), stacking sequences and ply count. ML models included baseline, ensemble and neural networks, which were trained, validated and tested where design and testing parameters were input features for the prediction. Experimentally, it was observed that Kevlar -cross 4 Ply showed the highest tensile strength of 326.40 MPa and carbon-cross 4 ply showed the highest flexural strength of 513.33 MPa. Out of the hybrids, Kevlar-glass cross 4 ply showed the best tensile performance (373.46 MPa). In the prediction, the k-nearest neighbor model was found to be the most robust model (mean squared error = 634.76, mean absolute error = 10.98 and R2 = 0.83), followed by the ensemble random forest model with a balanced performance (R2 = 0.74) and poor performance of the artificial neural network (R2 = 0.41). This work sets up a comprehensive ML system which shows the viability in material selection, which averts the need for extensive experimentation and speeds up composite design.
- The following article is Open accessThe effect of geometrical parameters on blast resistance of sandwich panels—a review
Orhan Gülcan et al 2023 Funct. Compos. Struct. 5 022001
View article, The effect of geometrical parameters on blast resistance of sandwich panels—a reviewPDF, The effect of geometrical parameters on blast resistance of sandwich panels—a reviewMany engineering structures, especially defense applications, need to be reinforced against blast loads due to a nearby explosion. Today, much more attention needs to be given to this issue because of increased exposure to explosions, and natural disasters. Different solutions have been used in the literature to mitigate blast-loading effects. One of these applications, sandwich panels, are a good candidate for blast-loading applications. In a sandwich panel structure, several parameters have considerable effects on deflections, deformations, and energy absorption capability. The most important of these parameters are: (i) the material and thickness of the front and back face sheets and core; (ii) core density and grading; (iii) core and face sheet types; (iv) filling and stiffening strategies of the core; (v) radius of curvature of the panel; (vi) mass of explosive charge; and (vii) standoff distance. The aim of this paper is to review these critical aspects of blast loading of sandwich panels to provide an overall insight into the state of the art of the application.
- The following article is Open accessStudy of the effect of nano ZrO2 and TiO2 and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PP
Mohammad Afzali and Vahid Asghari 2022 Funct. Compos. Struct. 4 015002
View article, Study of the effect of nano ZrO2 and TiO2 and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PPPDF, Study of the effect of nano ZrO2 and TiO2 and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PPThe purpose of this project was to introduce a way to improve the mechanical properties of dissimilar welded material, which provides benefits such as affordability, high speed, and a suitable bond property. This experimental project applies the friction welding method, including combining parameters, such as a numerical control machine, two different speeds, and three different cross sections, including flat, cone, and step surfaces. When the welding process was done, samples were implemented and prepared via a bending test of materials. The results have shown that, besides increasing the machining velocity, the surface friction increased, and so did the temperature. Considering the stated experimental facts, the melting temperature of composite materials increased. This provides the possibility of having a better blend of nanomaterial compared to the base melted plastics. Thus, the result showed that, besides increasing the weight percentage of nanomaterial contents and machining velocity, the mechanical properties increased on the welded area for all three types of samples. This enhancement is due to the better melting process on the welded area with the attendance of various nanoparticle contents. Also, the results showed that the shape of the welding area could play a significant role, and the results also change drastically where the shape changes. Optimum shape in the welding process has been dedicated to the step surface. The temperature causes the melting process, which is a significant factor in the friction welding process.
- The following article is Open accessComprehensive numerical characterization of the piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites
Mostafa Elaskalany and Kamran Behdinan 2024 Funct. Compos. Struct. 6 045012
View article, Comprehensive numerical characterization of the piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocompositesPDF, Comprehensive numerical characterization of the piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocompositesPolymer nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising materials for applications in flexible sensors and self-sensing structures due to their enhanced mechanical and electrical properties. This study investigates the piezoresistive behavior of CNT/polymer nanocomposites to establish structure-property relationships addressing the limitations in modeling of the piezoresistivity under varying mechanical strains. Monte Carlo simulations were employed to account for uncertainties in the microstructure of the nanocomposite by randomly dispersing CNTs within the representative volume element. The fiber reorientation model was used to simulate the mechanical deformation effects on CNT kinematics, while the Landauer–Büttiker formula was used to calculate the tunneling resistance between CNTs. The developed model was validated against experimental data to ensure its reliability. The study systematically analyzed the impact of key parameters, including CNT aspect ratio, polymer energy barrier height, Poisson’s ratio, CNT volume fraction, intrinsic CNT conductivity, and the number of CNT conduction channels, on the piezoresistive sensitivity under both tension and compression. One key finding is the contrasting effect of parameters like polymer energy barrier height and CNT intrinsic conductivity under tensile versus compression loadings. Piezoresistivity increases with higher values of energy barrier heights and CNT conductivity under tensile strain but decreases under compression. This comprehensive characterization enhances the design and optimization of CNT/polymer nanocomposites guiding future developments in smart materials and sensing technologies.
- The following article is Open accessDynamic mechanical thermal analysis of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP composites
Chidume Nwambu et al 2022 Funct. Compos. Struct. 4 045001
View article, Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP compositesPDF, Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP compositesA dynamic mechanical thermal analyser operating in the single cantilever mode was used to examine the dynamic mechanical properties of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous asymmetric helicoidal (Bouligand) carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites as a function of fibre architecture. The discontinuous Bouligand was manufactured using two major pitch angles as independent variables: 90° and 120° and from each major pitch angle, minor interply pitch angles were used as independent variables ranging 5°–25°. The composites were tested as either dry unaged specimens or following hygrothermal ageing in seawater at the constant temperatures of 40 °C and 60 °C for over 2000 h. We find that the viscoelastic properties E′ and E″ are adversely affected by both hygrothermal aging and the minor pitch angle, but not the major pitch angle. Higher hygrothermal ageing temperatures and increasing minor pitch angles are found to decrease the energy absorption and dissipation capacities of discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP composites. The tan-δ curves also indicate that hygrothermal ageing increases the heterogeneity of discontinuous Bouligand structured composites, with separate viscoelastic phases and glass transition temperatures.
- The following article is Open accessDesign and fabrication of bioinspired pattern driven magnetic actuators
Anasheh Khecho and Erina Baynojir Joyee 2024 Funct. Compos. Struct. 6 015010
View article, Design and fabrication of bioinspired pattern driven magnetic actuatorsPDF, Design and fabrication of bioinspired pattern driven magnetic actuatorsAdditive manufacturing (AM) has drawn significant attention in the fabrication of soft actuators due to its unique capability of printing geometrically complex parts. This research presents the design and development of an AM process for bioinspired, deformable, and magnetic stimuli-responsive actuator arms. The actuator arms were fabricated via the material extrusion-based AM process with magnetic particle-polymer composite filaments. Inspired by the rhombus cellular structure found in nature, different design parameters, such as the line width of the interior rhombus sides, and 3D printing parameters were studied and optimized to fabricate actuator arms that exhibit enhanced flexibility while being magnetically actuated. The trigger distance and deformation experiments revealed that the width of the rhomboids’ sides played a critical role in magnetic and bending properties. It was found that the sample with a line width of 550 µm and printing layer thickness of 0.05 mm had the maximum deflection with a measured bending angle of 34 degrees. The magnetic property measurement exhibited that the sample with a line width of 550 µm showed the maximum magnetic flux density of 3.2 mT. The trigger distance results also supported this result. A maximum trigger distance of 8.25 mm was measured for the arm with a line width of 550 µm. Additionally, tensile tests showed that the sample exhibited a 17.7 MPa tensile strength, 1.8 GPa elastic modulus, and 1.3% elongation. Based on these results, we successfully fabricated a 3D printed magnetic gripper with two rhombus cellular structured arms which showed grasping and extensive load lifting capability (up to ∼140 times its weight).
- The following article is Open accessElectrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperatures
Jayani Anurangi et al 2024 Funct. Compos. Struct. 6 035004
View article, Electrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperaturesPDF, Electrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperaturesThe structural supercapacitor can store electrical energy and withstand structural loads while saving substantial weight in many structural applications. This study investigated the development of a structural supercapacitor with a fiber-reinforced polymer composite system and explored the operating temperature’s influence on its performance. The electrochemical and mechanical properties of structural supercapacitors beyond the ambient temperature have not yet been studied; hence, evaluating parameters such as specific capacitance, energy density, cycle life, and structural performance at elevated temperatures are highly desired. We have designed and manufactured single and parallelly connected multilayer structural supercapacitor composites in this research. Carbon fibers were used as a bifunctional component, acting both as a current collector while acting as a mechanical reinforcement. In addition, glass fibers were added as the separator which is also acting as an integral reinforcement. The electrochemical and mechanical behavior of structural supercapacitors at elevated temperatures up to 85 °C were experimentally investigated. The test results revealed that at room temperature, the developed double-cell structural supercapacitor, which demonstrated an area-specific capacitance of 1.16 mF cm−2 and energy density of 0.36 mWh cm−2 at 0.24 mA cm−2, which are comparable to current achievements in structural supercapacitor research. The structural supercapacitor’s tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were measured as 109.5 MPa, 47.0 MPa, and 50.4 MPa, respectively. The specific capacitance and energy density reached 2.58 mF cm−2 and 0.81 mWh cm−2, while tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were reduced to 70.9 MPa, 14.2 MPa, and 8.8 MPa, respectively, at 85 °C. These findings provide new comprehensive knowledge on structural supercapacitor devices suitable for applications operating within a temperature range from ambient conditions to 85 °C.
- The following article is Open accessA thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers with the energy renormalization method
Jiwon Jung et al 2021 Funct. Compos. Struct. 3 015006
View article, A thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers with the energy renormalization methodPDF, A thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers with the energy renormalization methodCoarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are a widely accepted methodology in the field of studying the viscoelasticity of elastomers. In this paper, a thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers is presented with the energy renormalization (ER) method by redefining temperature transferable correlation effects between rescaling factors for energy parameter and length-scale parameter. The correlation effects have not been investigated in the literature, to the best knowledge of authors. The coarse-grained potential was demonstrated for the polyisoprene model generated from the anionic polymerization. The ER enables temperature transferability by adopting renormalization parameters as function of the temperature. Considering the correlation effects, a multi objective-optimization algorithm was adopted to find proper solution sets of
and matching mean square displacement (MSD) and density to the all-atom model simultaneously. Meanwhile, shear stress was matched to find first, then, density was fitted in the low-temperature regime. To verify the coarse-grained potential in the middle-temperature regime, MSD was compared to those from the all-atom model, and it was successfully matched.
- Quadratic support vector machine learning for modeling and predicting the mechanical performance of sustainable biocomposite materials for structural applications
Faris M AL-Oqla et al 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 035010
View article, Quadratic support vector machine learning for modeling and predicting the mechanical performance of sustainable biocomposite materials for structural applicationsPDF, Quadratic support vector machine learning for modeling and predicting the mechanical performance of sustainable biocomposite materials for structural applicationsThe properties of polypropylene (PP)-based natural fiber materials are influenced by complex nonlinear interactions between chemical composition and structural behavior. This makes the accurate prediction of their performance a challenging task for various industries including civil and structural applications. To address this challenge, this study employs a quadratic support vector machine (SVM) model to predict the tensile strength (TS) and tensile modulus (TM) of PP composites, incorporating a comprehensive dataset of natural fiber reinforcements. The dataset underwent rigorous preprocessing, including outlier removal, feature engineering and data transformation, to enhance the model’s accuracy. The quadratic SVM model exhibited outstanding predictive performance, achieving an R2 of 0.994 for training and 0.990 for testing in TS predictions, and 0.981 for training and 0.98 for testing in TM predictions. The mean squared error values further reinforced the model’s reliability, with 0.00398 (training) and 0.00361 (testing) for TS, and 0.00731 (training) and 0.00723 (testing) for TM. To assess real-world applicability, Simulink-based simulations were conducted, comparing predicted values with experimental measurements. The results demonstrated strong correlation, with minimal deviations observed across various fiber compositions, confirming the robustness of the proposed predictive framework. By leveraging machine learning, this study provides a powerful tool for materials scientists to optimize fiber-reinforced composites, reducing reliance on costly experimental procedures and accelerating the development of sustainable and high-performance materials.
- Artificial neural network modeling for predicting mechanical properties of Mediterranean green composites
Mohammed T Hayajneh et al 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 035009
View article, Artificial neural network modeling for predicting mechanical properties of Mediterranean green compositesPDF, Artificial neural network modeling for predicting mechanical properties of Mediterranean green compositesThe growing demand for sustainable materials has positioned lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites as promising alternatives to conventional composites. However, accurately predicting key mechanical properties, including Young’s modulus (YM), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and Elongation at Break (ELO), remains difficult because of the inherent variability in natural fiber composition. This study addresses this challenge by developing artificial neural network (ANN) models specifically tailored to Mediterranean lignocellulosic fibers derived from lemon and fig leaves. A computational dataset was generated from a limited set of mechanical, physical, and chemical-property observations reported in published studies on lemon- and fig-leaf-reinforced polypropylene composites. The literature-based property ranges were discretized into representative values and systematically combined to create ANN training observations. Controlled noise, outlier screening, and normalization were then applied to enhance data variability and suitability for model development. Several ANN architectures were evaluated, including narrow, medium, wide, bilayered, and trilayered networks. The bilayered ANN with a 10 × 10 architecture achieved the best performance for YM, with an R2 of 0.99 and RMSE values of 0.0378 for training and 0.0411 for testing. For UTS, the trilayered 10 × 10 × 10 ANN achieved an R2 of 0.99, with RMSE values of 0.0409 for training and 0.0414 for testing. The results demonstrate a clear trade-off between network complexity and predictive performance, while simpler architectures remained competitive for ELO prediction. Overall, the study highlights the potential of ANN models to optimize green composites, support industrial adoption, and advance the development of high-performance, eco-friendly materials. Future work will extend the models to additional natural fibers and composite formulations.
- Mask-valve-integrated triboelectric nanogenerator for enhanced current generation via exhalation
Sujung Kang et al 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 035007
View article, Mask-valve-integrated triboelectric nanogenerator for enhanced current generation via exhalationPDF, Mask-valve-integrated triboelectric nanogenerator for enhanced current generation via exhalationRespiration is a continuous biomechanical energy source for wearable devices, but its low airflow velocity and pressure limit its direct use in powering practical electronics. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are attractive for respiration-based energy harvesting because of their compactness and effective operation under weak airflow, although conventional systems remain constrained by additional mask attachments and moisture sensitivity. In this work, a mask-valve-integrated TENG (M-TENG) is introduced to address these challenges. Fully integrated inside the mask valve, the M-TENG generates a peak short-circuit current of 170 mA with an output frequency of approximately 60 Hz within a compact volume of 3.87 cm3 based on charge separation and direct electron flow. The device maintains stable output under moist exhalation conditions and retains its original performance for up to 1 000 000 rotations. Owing to its mechanically and electrically optimized blade-rotation design, the M-TENG operates even at a low exhalation speed of 4 m s−1 while maximizing output in a small device volume. In addition, it can continuously drive 20 LEDs, highlighting its potential as a sustainable power source for safety lights and wearable monitoring devices in mask-required environments.
- A comparative phenomenological modeling analysis in the AC electrical conductivity of polypropylene melt-mixed with pyrolytically stripped Pyrograf® III carbon nanofiber composites
Najoia Aribou et al 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 035008
View article, A comparative phenomenological modeling analysis in the AC electrical conductivity of polypropylene melt-mixed with pyrolytically stripped Pyrograf® III carbon nanofiber compositesPDF, A comparative phenomenological modeling analysis in the AC electrical conductivity of polypropylene melt-mixed with pyrolytically stripped Pyrograf® III carbon nanofiber compositesIn this study, a variation of the generalized effective medium (GEM) and the mixing rule (MR) models, taking into account the interphase, is proposed to the AC electrical conductivity (
of polypropylene (PP) composites prepared by melt-mixing with 0–2.4 vol. % of Pyrograf® III PR 25 PS XT carbon nanofibers (CNFs). An onset of conductive network formation is found at CNF concentration of 0.9 vol. %, and the reaches ∼1 × 10−8 S m−1 at 200 Hz at the highest concentration of CNFs (2.4 vol. %), suggesting that the latter PP/CNF composites are suitable as static dissipative materials. It is inferred from the modified GEM and MR models that, in the same way as the of the PP/CNF composites, the interphase electrical conductivity ( increases with frequency. On the contrary, the interphase-related volume constant (k) decreases with frequency. Furthermore, although the interphase volume fraction shows a linear dependence on CNF content, it tends to decrease as the frequency increases. Both observations infer that as frequencies increase, interphase-related effects on become less evident. - A load-path-guided bio-inspired laminate zoning framework for lightweight composite structures with preliminary material-efficiency indicators
Slimane Debbaghi et al 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 035006
View article, A load-path-guided bio-inspired laminate zoning framework for lightweight composite structures with preliminary material-efficiency indicatorsPDF, A load-path-guided bio-inspired laminate zoning framework for lightweight composite structures with preliminary material-efficiency indicatorsThis study proposes a load-path-guided bio-inspired framework for lightweight composite laminate zoning with preliminary material-efficiency indicators. The method combines finite element analysis, strain-energy-based zoning and stress-direction-informed laminate tailoring. Normalized strain energy density is used to identify mechanically significant regions, while local principal stress directions guide representative fiber orientations. Each zone is then assigned a laminate family and thickness level according to its structural role, and the zoning-tailoring sequence is iterated until the compliance response stabilizes. The numerical implementation is first checked through a mesh convergence study and validated against Classical Laminate Plate Theory, with relative displacement errors below 1% for the examined quasi-isotropic and unidirectional laminates. The framework is demonstrated on two localized-tension benchmarks: a solid rectangular composite plate and a plate containing a central circular hole. For the solid plate, the bio-inspired zoned design reaches a normalized mass of 0.83, a normalized compliance of 0.91 and a normalized stiffness-to-weight ratio of 1.32, corresponding to a 17% mass reduction relative to the uniform reference laminate. For the plate-with-hole case, the corresponding normalized mass, compliance and stiffness-to-weight ratio are 0.63, 1.25 and 1.27. The results show that load-path-guided laminate zoning can provide a practical intermediate strategy between full-field mechanical response and manufacturable composite design, while supporting preliminary resource-aware comparison.
- Advances in smart and multifunctional composite materials: design, mechanisms, and applications
Sudhanshu Singh et al 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 032002
View article, Advances in smart and multifunctional composite materials: design, mechanisms, and applicationsPDF, Advances in smart and multifunctional composite materials: design, mechanisms, and applicationsIntelligent and multifunctional composite materials have transitioned from passive structural systems to adaptive platforms that can sense, actuate, convert energy, and self-repair. Nonetheless, despite its expansion, the domain remains disjointed. Mechanisms, manufacturing methods, and performance measurements are frequently examined in isolation, hindering the transition to dependable engineering systems. This review rigorously assesses contemporary smart composite designs by linking functional mechanisms with interface engineering, manufacturing scalability, and long-term dependability. It demonstrates that several documented high-performance systems depend on laboratory-specific circumstances, but practical implementation is hindered by conflicting property requirements, interfacial instability, and environmental degradation. This review’s distinctiveness lies in creating a cohesive framework that connects multiscale modelling, sophisticated manufacturing, and multifunctional performance evaluation to discern design trade-offs rather than focusing solely on material enhancements. Current advances, such as artificial intelligence-assisted material discovery, programmable metamaterials, structural energy storage, and bio-inspired designs, are evaluated in terms of manufacturability and durability rather than solely functional output. Special emphasis is placed on novel sustainable composites and digital-twin-enabled predictive maintenance. Significant hurdles persist in scalable manufacturing, consistent multifunction integration, power management, and lifetime stability under cyclic loads and adverse conditions. Resolving these difficulties necessitates integrating material design with system-level optimisation and standardised assessment methodologies. This paper offers a prospective framework for advancing smart composites from experimental materials to reliable engineering components in aircraft, robotics, healthcare, and energy infrastructure.
- Bamboo fiber-reinforced concrete: a sustainable approach to enhanced structural performance and environmental sustainability
Mihin Rinya et al 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 032001
View article, Bamboo fiber-reinforced concrete: a sustainable approach to enhanced structural performance and environmental sustainabilityPDF, Bamboo fiber-reinforced concrete: a sustainable approach to enhanced structural performance and environmental sustainabilityBamboo is recognized for its high strength-to-weight ratio, eco-friendliness, and rapid renewability, has gained prominence as a sustainable substitute to conventional construction materials. Its use as a composite material, particularly in concrete block production, has the potential for enhancing material properties as well as reducing environmental impact in the construction sector. The increasing demand for green building materials is shifting toward natural fibers, including bamboo, to replace synthetic fibers, owing to bamboo’s excellent tensile strength, flexibility, and biodegradability. This paper explores the potential of bamboo fiber as reinforcement in concrete blocks, covering its extraction, and processing methods, chemical and mechanical properties as well as treatment techniques to improve durability and adhesion with concrete matrices. The unique microstructure of bamboo, characterized by vascular bundles embedded in parenchyma tissue, contributes to its high mechanical strength and adaptability. The addition of bamboo in cement-based composites enhance compressive and tensile strength while reducing cracking and improving durability, though challenges such as moisture sensitivity and durability require treatment methods like alkali treatment to improve longevity and bonding in bamboo composites. Incorporating bamboo fiber in concrete not only strengthens structural components but also promotes environmental sustainability. This paper reviews the properties, applications, and potential benefits of using bamboo in concrete, particularly in regions where bamboo is locally available, suggesting its expanded use in eco-friendly construction solutions.
- A review of structural connectivity in piezoelectric composites for high-performance nanogenerators
Min Gyeong Kang and Seong Yun Kim 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 012002
View article, A review of structural connectivity in piezoelectric composites for high-performance nanogeneratorsPDF, A review of structural connectivity in piezoelectric composites for high-performance nanogeneratorsPiezoelectric composite-based nanogenerators are attracting attention as self-powered sources for next-generation wearable and portable electronic devices. The performance of piezoelectric composites is highly dependent on the connectivity structure. Conventional 0–3 type composites, in which piezoelectric fillers are randomly dispersed within a polymer matrix, suffer from reduced piezoelectric performance due to inefficient stress transfer. This review paper systematically investigates research that has enhanced piezoelectric performance by strategically designing the connectivity structure of piezoelectric composites. The correlation between various connectivity patterns, such as 1–3, 2–2, 3–1, and 3–3 types, and the piezoelectric output performance is analyzed. In particular, the three-dimensionally interconnected 3–3 structure has been demonstrated to be effective in improving output performance by facilitating continuous pathways for mechanical stress transfer. Additionally, fabrication strategies for designing these structures using various manufacturing techniques are discussed. In conclusion, this paper suggests the potential applicability of these high-performance composites in fields such as self-powered sensors, biomedical devices, and wearable electronics.
- Polymer composite scintillators: focus on fabrication methods, optical and scintillation properties
Algirdas Lazauskas 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 012001
View article, Polymer composite scintillators: focus on fabrication methods, optical and scintillation propertiesPDF, Polymer composite scintillators: focus on fabrication methods, optical and scintillation propertiesThis review provides analysis of polymer composite scintillators, examining their fabrication techniques, optical and scintillation properties. Polymer composite scintillators represent an important class of radiation detection materials that combine the mechanical flexibility and processability of polymers with the high stopping power and scintillation efficiency of inorganic materials. Recent advances in nanomaterial synthesis, interface engineering, and manufacturing technologies have significantly expanded the performance envelope. This review systematically examines solution processing, melt processing, electrospinning, and additive manufacturing approaches for fabrication; light yield, energy resolution, and radiation hardness as critical performance metrics. Future research directions involving novel materials, advanced manufacturing techniques, and artificial intelligence-driven optimization are explored.
- Harnessing shellac for sustainable materials: progress from traditional resin to multifunctional composites
Monika Chaparia et al 2025 Funct. Compos. Struct. 7 042003
View article, Harnessing shellac for sustainable materials: progress from traditional resin to multifunctional compositesPDF, Harnessing shellac for sustainable materials: progress from traditional resin to multifunctional compositesThis review systematically scrutinizes recent progress in the design, modification, and potential applications of shellac-based composites, providing a link between its molecular structure, inherent characteristics, and modern performance requirements. The discourse begins with an analysis of shellac’s molecular architecture, intrinsic properties, and traditional uses of shellac for providing a foundational understanding. Traditional applications in pharmaceuticals, food coatings, and decorative finishes are reviewed alongside modern modification techniques that enable advanced uses in electronics, sensors, stealth technologies, and other high-performance sectors by improving shellac’s mechanical, thermal, electrical, and barrier properties. The environmental and economic advantages of shellac, positioned as a sustainable alternative to synthetic polymers, are assessed, with a techno-economic perspective highlighting its commercial viability and market potential. Current challenges including variability in natural sources, scalability of composite production, and regulatory considerations are critically discussed, with proposed strategies to address them. This work underscores shellac’s potential to transition from a traditional resin to a versatile, competitive, and eco-efficient material for high-impact industrial applications.
- Vertical-graphene-decorated carbon nanofiber mats integrated with laser-induced graphene electrodes for piezoresistive pressure sensors
Lee et al
View accepted manuscript, Vertical-graphene-decorated carbon nanofiber mats integrated with laser-induced graphene electrodes for piezoresistive pressure sensorsPDF, Vertical-graphene-decorated carbon nanofiber mats integrated with laser-induced graphene electrodes for piezoresistive pressure sensorsFlexible pressure sensors that combine high sensitivity, a broad operating range, and mechanical durability are needed for wearable electronics, healthcare monitoring, and human–machine interfaces. Here, we report a piezoresistive pressure sensor that integrates a vertical-graphene-decorated carbon nanofiber (VG@CNF) mat with laser-induced graphene (LIG) interdigitated electrodes. The VG@CNF sensing layer was produced by growing spiky vertical graphene sheets on carbon nanofibers, thereby generating a rough and compressible fibrous network, whereas the LIG electrodes were directly pattern on polyimide by laser scribing to form porous and mechanically robust conductive electrodes. This structural combination promoted pressure-dependent contact formation both within the fibrous mat and at the sensing-layer/electrode interface. Compared with the sensor based on pristine carbon nanofibers without vertical graphene, the VG@CNF/LIG device maintained a larger current response over a broader pressure window. 0.0142 kPa−1 at 0–60 kPa and 0.0045 kPa−1 at 60–80 kPa, and it remained operable up to 100 kPa. Under 1000 loading–unloading cycles at 100 kPa, the relative current response changed by only 1.7%, indicating good mechanical durability. Proof-of-concept demonstrations, including finger pressing, weight-dependent loading, joint-motion monitoring, and wireless in-shoe detection during running, further confirmed stable and repeatable operation. These results indicate that combining a VG@CNF sensing layer with porous LIG electrodes is an effective structural strategy for improving sensitivity retention at moderate-to-high pressure while preserving a broad working range and mechanical robustness in flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors.
- The following article is Open accessPhotodynamic attributes of CuxO-TiO2/graphene and their potential applications in skin conditions
Maria Suciu et al 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 035001
View article, Photodynamic attributes of CuxO-TiO2/graphene and their potential applications in skin conditionsPDF, Photodynamic attributes of CuxO-TiO2/graphene and their potential applications in skin conditionsNowadays, the uses for nanomaterials are continuously expanding; their applications have been found to have new and interesting uses in bio-oriented fields. Copper and graphene-containing composites are especially interesting for medical applications, both for therapeutic and toxicological reasons. Therefore, this work aims to investigate two new composites of titanium dioxide nanoparticles containing copper (I) and (II) oxides (2% w/w) and (reduced or unreduced) graphene oxide (10% w/w). Their cytotoxic effects and photodynamic attributes were investigated on healthy skin cells (HaCaT) and melanoma cells (A375) exposed to visible light (blue, green, or red), in the search for a promising candidate for red LED therapy. The physical-chemical characterization was performed by transmission/scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray powder diffractometry, and UV–Vis spectrometry. MTT, LDH, and Griess assays were used to assess cytotoxicity, cell membrane damage, and NO induced cell stress. Our results demonstrate that the composite with reduced graphene oxide does not affect healthy cells but has an antitumoral effect when activated by red LED. In addition, it also protected healthy skin cells from the known deleterious effects of long exposure to blue light. The study was supplemented with the antimicrobial effect, and our findings indicate that these composites have biological activity against bacteria (Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus).
- The following article is Open accessPrediction of tensile and flexural properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites using machine learning models
Md Mominur Rahman et al 2026 Funct. Compos. Struct. 8 025003
View article, Prediction of tensile and flexural properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites using machine learning modelsPDF, Prediction of tensile and flexural properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites using machine learning modelsThe reliable design of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites is still challenging because of their complex heterogeneous nature. The limitations of existing predictive models are the joint estimation of tensile and flexural properties for both pure and hybrid constituents. Traditional characterization of these properties is dependent on costly time-consuming destructive testing and, at the same time, simulated predictive models are prone to suffering from oversimplified assumptions. To fill this gap, machine learning (ML) models have been implemented in this study with experimental data of 54 laminates with different fiber constituents (pure, bi- and tri-hybrids), stacking sequences and ply count. ML models included baseline, ensemble and neural networks, which were trained, validated and tested where design and testing parameters were input features for the prediction. Experimentally, it was observed that Kevlar -cross 4 Ply showed the highest tensile strength of 326.40 MPa and carbon-cross 4 ply showed the highest flexural strength of 513.33 MPa. Out of the hybrids, Kevlar-glass cross 4 ply showed the best tensile performance (373.46 MPa). In the prediction, the k-nearest neighbor model was found to be the most robust model (mean squared error = 634.76, mean absolute error = 10.98 and R2 = 0.83), followed by the ensemble random forest model with a balanced performance (R2 = 0.74) and poor performance of the artificial neural network (R2 = 0.41). This work sets up a comprehensive ML system which shows the viability in material selection, which averts the need for extensive experimentation and speeds up composite design.
- The following article is Open accessComprehensive numerical characterization of the piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites
Mostafa Elaskalany and Kamran Behdinan 2024 Funct. Compos. Struct. 6 045012
View article, Comprehensive numerical characterization of the piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocompositesPDF, Comprehensive numerical characterization of the piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocompositesPolymer nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising materials for applications in flexible sensors and self-sensing structures due to their enhanced mechanical and electrical properties. This study investigates the piezoresistive behavior of CNT/polymer nanocomposites to establish structure-property relationships addressing the limitations in modeling of the piezoresistivity under varying mechanical strains. Monte Carlo simulations were employed to account for uncertainties in the microstructure of the nanocomposite by randomly dispersing CNTs within the representative volume element. The fiber reorientation model was used to simulate the mechanical deformation effects on CNT kinematics, while the Landauer–Büttiker formula was used to calculate the tunneling resistance between CNTs. The developed model was validated against experimental data to ensure its reliability. The study systematically analyzed the impact of key parameters, including CNT aspect ratio, polymer energy barrier height, Poisson’s ratio, CNT volume fraction, intrinsic CNT conductivity, and the number of CNT conduction channels, on the piezoresistive sensitivity under both tension and compression. One key finding is the contrasting effect of parameters like polymer energy barrier height and CNT intrinsic conductivity under tensile versus compression loadings. Piezoresistivity increases with higher values of energy barrier heights and CNT conductivity under tensile strain but decreases under compression. This comprehensive characterization enhances the design and optimization of CNT/polymer nanocomposites guiding future developments in smart materials and sensing technologies.
- The following article is Open accessElectrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperatures
Jayani Anurangi et al 2024 Funct. Compos. Struct. 6 035004
View article, Electrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperaturesPDF, Electrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperaturesThe structural supercapacitor can store electrical energy and withstand structural loads while saving substantial weight in many structural applications. This study investigated the development of a structural supercapacitor with a fiber-reinforced polymer composite system and explored the operating temperature’s influence on its performance. The electrochemical and mechanical properties of structural supercapacitors beyond the ambient temperature have not yet been studied; hence, evaluating parameters such as specific capacitance, energy density, cycle life, and structural performance at elevated temperatures are highly desired. We have designed and manufactured single and parallelly connected multilayer structural supercapacitor composites in this research. Carbon fibers were used as a bifunctional component, acting both as a current collector while acting as a mechanical reinforcement. In addition, glass fibers were added as the separator which is also acting as an integral reinforcement. The electrochemical and mechanical behavior of structural supercapacitors at elevated temperatures up to 85 °C were experimentally investigated. The test results revealed that at room temperature, the developed double-cell structural supercapacitor, which demonstrated an area-specific capacitance of 1.16 mF cm−2 and energy density of 0.36 mWh cm−2 at 0.24 mA cm−2, which are comparable to current achievements in structural supercapacitor research. The structural supercapacitor’s tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were measured as 109.5 MPa, 47.0 MPa, and 50.4 MPa, respectively. The specific capacitance and energy density reached 2.58 mF cm−2 and 0.81 mWh cm−2, while tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were reduced to 70.9 MPa, 14.2 MPa, and 8.8 MPa, respectively, at 85 °C. These findings provide new comprehensive knowledge on structural supercapacitor devices suitable for applications operating within a temperature range from ambient conditions to 85 °C.
- The following article is Open accessDesign and fabrication of bioinspired pattern driven magnetic actuators
Anasheh Khecho and Erina Baynojir Joyee 2024 Funct. Compos. Struct. 6 015010
View article, Design and fabrication of bioinspired pattern driven magnetic actuatorsPDF, Design and fabrication of bioinspired pattern driven magnetic actuatorsAdditive manufacturing (AM) has drawn significant attention in the fabrication of soft actuators due to its unique capability of printing geometrically complex parts. This research presents the design and development of an AM process for bioinspired, deformable, and magnetic stimuli-responsive actuator arms. The actuator arms were fabricated via the material extrusion-based AM process with magnetic particle-polymer composite filaments. Inspired by the rhombus cellular structure found in nature, different design parameters, such as the line width of the interior rhombus sides, and 3D printing parameters were studied and optimized to fabricate actuator arms that exhibit enhanced flexibility while being magnetically actuated. The trigger distance and deformation experiments revealed that the width of the rhomboids’ sides played a critical role in magnetic and bending properties. It was found that the sample with a line width of 550 µm and printing layer thickness of 0.05 mm had the maximum deflection with a measured bending angle of 34 degrees. The magnetic property measurement exhibited that the sample with a line width of 550 µm showed the maximum magnetic flux density of 3.2 mT. The trigger distance results also supported this result. A maximum trigger distance of 8.25 mm was measured for the arm with a line width of 550 µm. Additionally, tensile tests showed that the sample exhibited a 17.7 MPa tensile strength, 1.8 GPa elastic modulus, and 1.3% elongation. Based on these results, we successfully fabricated a 3D printed magnetic gripper with two rhombus cellular structured arms which showed grasping and extensive load lifting capability (up to ∼140 times its weight).
- The following article is Open accessImpact of nano crack and loading direction on the tensile features of FeCr alloy: a molecular dynamics analysis
S Gowthaman and T Jagadeesha 2024 Funct. Compos. Struct. 6 015002
View article, Impact of nano crack and loading direction on the tensile features of FeCr alloy: a molecular dynamics analysisPDF, Impact of nano crack and loading direction on the tensile features of FeCr alloy: a molecular dynamics analysisThe existence of cracks and variations in loading direction has invoked greater modifications in the material properties. In this work, the tensile features of cracked and non-cracked FeCr polycrystals have been analyzed under numerous temperatures (300 K, 500 K, 700 K, and 900 K) and loading directions (parallel and normal to the crack cross-sectional directions) through molecular dynamics and it is originated that temperature has raised a higher impact on the tensile features trailed by the existence of crack and loading directions, owing to the formation of larger kinetic energy (KE) amidst the atoms. The existence of crack offers a moderate impression on the tensile behavior followed by the loading direction, due to its dominant impact on the tensile behavior through greater stress concentrations. Additionally, it is stated that the greater temperature along with the existence of crack and loading along normal to the crack cross section offers greater reductions in the tensile features of FeCr polycrystal, owed to the interactive effect of larger KE and discontinuity among atoms. Furthermore, the shear strain and displacement contour map and materials feature also confirm a similar occurrence which leads to altering its material behavior.
- The following article is Open accessThe effect of geometrical parameters on blast resistance of sandwich panels—a review
Orhan Gülcan et al 2023 Funct. Compos. Struct. 5 022001
View article, The effect of geometrical parameters on blast resistance of sandwich panels—a reviewPDF, The effect of geometrical parameters on blast resistance of sandwich panels—a reviewMany engineering structures, especially defense applications, need to be reinforced against blast loads due to a nearby explosion. Today, much more attention needs to be given to this issue because of increased exposure to explosions, and natural disasters. Different solutions have been used in the literature to mitigate blast-loading effects. One of these applications, sandwich panels, are a good candidate for blast-loading applications. In a sandwich panel structure, several parameters have considerable effects on deflections, deformations, and energy absorption capability. The most important of these parameters are: (i) the material and thickness of the front and back face sheets and core; (ii) core density and grading; (iii) core and face sheet types; (iv) filling and stiffening strategies of the core; (v) radius of curvature of the panel; (vi) mass of explosive charge; and (vii) standoff distance. The aim of this paper is to review these critical aspects of blast loading of sandwich panels to provide an overall insight into the state of the art of the application.
- The following article is Open accessDynamic mechanical thermal analysis of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP composites
Chidume Nwambu et al 2022 Funct. Compos. Struct. 4 045001
View article, Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP compositesPDF, Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP compositesA dynamic mechanical thermal analyser operating in the single cantilever mode was used to examine the dynamic mechanical properties of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous asymmetric helicoidal (Bouligand) carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites as a function of fibre architecture. The discontinuous Bouligand was manufactured using two major pitch angles as independent variables: 90° and 120° and from each major pitch angle, minor interply pitch angles were used as independent variables ranging 5°–25°. The composites were tested as either dry unaged specimens or following hygrothermal ageing in seawater at the constant temperatures of 40 °C and 60 °C for over 2000 h. We find that the viscoelastic properties E′ and E″ are adversely affected by both hygrothermal aging and the minor pitch angle, but not the major pitch angle. Higher hygrothermal ageing temperatures and increasing minor pitch angles are found to decrease the energy absorption and dissipation capacities of discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP composites. The tan-δ curves also indicate that hygrothermal ageing increases the heterogeneity of discontinuous Bouligand structured composites, with separate viscoelastic phases and glass transition temperatures.
- The following article is Open accessStudy of the effect of nano ZrO2 and TiO2 and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PP
Mohammad Afzali and Vahid Asghari 2022 Funct. Compos. Struct. 4 015002
View article, Study of the effect of nano ZrO2 and TiO2 and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PPPDF, Study of the effect of nano ZrO2 and TiO2 and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PPThe purpose of this project was to introduce a way to improve the mechanical properties of dissimilar welded material, which provides benefits such as affordability, high speed, and a suitable bond property. This experimental project applies the friction welding method, including combining parameters, such as a numerical control machine, two different speeds, and three different cross sections, including flat, cone, and step surfaces. When the welding process was done, samples were implemented and prepared via a bending test of materials. The results have shown that, besides increasing the machining velocity, the surface friction increased, and so did the temperature. Considering the stated experimental facts, the melting temperature of composite materials increased. This provides the possibility of having a better blend of nanomaterial compared to the base melted plastics. Thus, the result showed that, besides increasing the weight percentage of nanomaterial contents and machining velocity, the mechanical properties increased on the welded area for all three types of samples. This enhancement is due to the better melting process on the welded area with the attendance of various nanoparticle contents. Also, the results showed that the shape of the welding area could play a significant role, and the results also change drastically where the shape changes. Optimum shape in the welding process has been dedicated to the step surface. The temperature causes the melting process, which is a significant factor in the friction welding process.
- The following article is Open accessA thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers with the energy renormalization method
Jiwon Jung et al 2021 Funct. Compos. Struct. 3 015006
View article, A thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers with the energy renormalization methodPDF, A thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers with the energy renormalization methodCoarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are a widely accepted methodology in the field of studying the viscoelasticity of elastomers. In this paper, a thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers is presented with the energy renormalization (ER) method by redefining temperature transferable correlation effects between rescaling factors for energy parameter and length-scale parameter. The correlation effects have not been investigated in the literature, to the best knowledge of authors. The coarse-grained potential was demonstrated for the polyisoprene model generated from the anionic polymerization. The ER enables temperature transferability by adopting renormalization parameters as function of the temperature. Considering the correlation effects, a multi objective-optimization algorithm was adopted to find proper solution sets of
and matching mean square displacement (MSD) and density to the all-atom model simultaneously. Meanwhile, shear stress was matched to find first, then, density was fitted in the low-temperature regime. To verify the coarse-grained potential in the middle-temperature regime, MSD was compared to those from the all-atom model, and it was successfully matched.
- Structural battery composites: a review
Leif E Asp et al 2019 Funct. Compos. Struct. 1 042001
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in structural battery composites research. Structural battery composites are a class of structural power composites aimed to provide mass-less energy storage for electrically powered structural systems. Structural battery composites are made from carbon fibres in a structural electrolyte matrix material. Neat carbon fibres are used as a structural negative electrode, exploiting their high mechanical properties, excellent lithium insertion capacity and high electrical conductivity. Lithium iron phosphate coated carbon fibres are used as the structural positive electrode. Here, the lithium iron phosphate is the electrochemically active substance and the fibres carry mechanical loads and conduct electrons. The surrounding structural electrolyte is lithium ion conductive and transfers mechanical loads between fibres. With these constituents, structural battery half-cells and full-cells are realised with a variety in device architecture. The paper also presents an overview of material modelling and characterisation performed to date. Particular reference is given to work performed in national and European research projects under the leadership of the authors, who are able to provide a unique insight into this emerging and exciting field of research.
- A review on mechanical and material characterisation through molecular dynamics using large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS)
S Gowthaman 2023 Funct. Compos. Struct. 5 012005
View article, A review on mechanical and material characterisation through molecular dynamics using large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS)PDF, A review on mechanical and material characterisation through molecular dynamics using large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS)Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation continues to be one of the most advanced tools in a wide range of fields and applications. The motion of atoms or molecules at various temperatures and pressures was analysed and visualised using the MD simulation through large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS). This research focuses on a basic introduction to MD, as well as their determination and MD methods. LAMMPS works with a variety of external packages to determine the position of atoms and molecules over time. As the simulation has various procedures such as algorithm to step processing and results, the developers of MD are constantly pushing for the reduction of pre-steps. This classifies the performance competence that should be approached for increased portability of performance on a programmatic level, a key to implementing the solution for various problems that would come from inventors and possibly new research in programming languages.
- Advancement in science and technology of carbon dot-polymer hybrid composites: a review
Sayan Ganguly et al 2019 Funct. Compos. Struct. 1 022001
View article, Advancement in science and technology of carbon dot-polymer hybrid composites: a reviewPDF, Advancement in science and technology of carbon dot-polymer hybrid composites: a reviewThe serendipitous discovery of carbon dots has been added as a new domain of interest for materials scientists due to their extraordinary photo-physical attributes and long-term colloidal stability. This domain was more nurtured when carbon dots meet macromolecular chains. Carbon dot confined polymer matrices have diversified because of their ease of fabrication and applications in sensing, optoelectronics, semiconductors, molecular delivery, and various commercial aspects. Most promisingly, very small amounts of carbon dots have a over-the-top synergistic outcome in the presence of macromolecular systems. This review encompasses the synthesis of carbons dots, their physical properties, various fabrication strategies of polymer-carbon dots nanocomposites and applications.
- Eco-friendly innovation: harnessing nature’s blueprint for enhanced photocatalysis and antimicrobial potential in multi-structured PN/ZnO nanoparticles
Jyoti Gaur et al 2024 Funct. Compos. Struct. 6 015005
View article, Eco-friendly innovation: harnessing nature’s blueprint for enhanced photocatalysis and antimicrobial potential in multi-structured PN/ZnO nanoparticlesPDF, Eco-friendly innovation: harnessing nature’s blueprint for enhanced photocatalysis and antimicrobial potential in multi-structured PN/ZnO nanoparticlesThis research unveils an innovative approach to green synthesis, detailed characterization, and multifunctional exploration of bio-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles (PN/ZnO NPs) adorned with phytochemicals from Piper nigrum (PN). Employing an extensive suite of spectroscopic techniques and physicochemical methods, including UV–vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, the study delves into the unique properties of PN/ZnO NPs. XRD confirms the development of the wurtzite phase with a crystallite diameter of 47.77 nm. FTIR reveals ZnO functionalization by PN’s phytochemicals, while FESEM and HRTEM suggest diverse architectural features. Selected area electron diffraction patterns authenticate the crystalline structure. BET analysis showcases a large specific surface area of 80.72 m2 g−1 and a mesoporous structure. The absorption peak at 372 nm and an energy band gap (Eg) of 3.44 eV validate ZnO NP formation. The catalytic performance is demonstrated through the degradation of commercial reactive yellow-17 (RY-17) dye, with PN/ZnO (dosage 300 mg l−1) achieving 94.72% removal at a dose of 120 mg l−1. Pseudo-first-order kinetics govern the photodegradation process. PN-ZnO NPs showcase potent antimicrobial efficacy against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, with varying clearance zones. This study stands as an impactful exploration, integrating green synthesis, detailed characterization, and versatile functionalities of PN/ZnO NPs.
- PVDF-based ferroelectric polymers and dielectric elastomers for sensor and actuator applications: a review
Ji-Hun Bae and Seung-Hwan Chang 2019 Funct. Compos. Struct. 1 012003
View article, PVDF-based ferroelectric polymers and dielectric elastomers for sensor and actuator applications: a reviewPDF, PVDF-based ferroelectric polymers and dielectric elastomers for sensor and actuator applications: a reviewElectroactive polymers (EAPs) are materials that respond to electrical stimulation by exhibiting significantly large strains (to a maximum of a few hundred %) and vice versa. Thanks to their unique behaviors, EAPs have been widely and increasingly applied for sensing and actuating applications. EAPs are a promising material with many attractive properties such as fast electro-mechanical response, high mechanical and chemical stability, flexibility, low modulus, high strain capabilities, and shape adaptability. These features make them attractive for innovative applications such as wearable fabric sensors for IoT products and artificial muscles as bio-friendly actuators. In this article, we have presented a brief overview of electronic EAPs, especially PVDF-based materials, dielectric elastomers such as silicone and acrylic materials for sensors and actuators by focusing on their operation mechanisms and applications.
- Mechanical performance evaluation of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composites and its applications: a review
N M Nurazzi et al 2022 Funct. Compos. Struct. 4 015009
View article, Mechanical performance evaluation of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composites and its applications: a reviewPDF, Mechanical performance evaluation of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composites and its applications: a reviewThis paper reviews the mechanical performance of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composites (BFRPs) for structural applications. Bamboo fibres are very promising reinforcements for polymer composites production due to their high aspect ratio, renewability, environmentally friendly, non-toxicity, cheap cost, non-abrasives, full biodegradability, and strong mechanical performances. Besides, bamboo has its own prospects and good potential to be used in biopolymer composites as an alternative for petroleum-based materials to be used in several advanced applications in the building and construction industry. For bamboo fibre to be reinforced with polymer, they must have good interfacial bond between the polymer, as better fibre and matrix interaction results in good interfacial adhesion between fibre/matrix and fewer voids in the composite. Several important factors to improve matrix-fibre bonding and enhance the mechanical properties of BFRP are by fibre treatment, hybridisation, lamination, and using coupling agent. Moreover, mechanical properties of BFRP are greatly influenced by few factors, such as type of fibre and matrix used, fibre-matrix adhesion, fibre dispersion, fibre orientation, composite manufacturing technique used, void content in composites, and porosity of composite. In order to better understand their reinforcing potential, the mechanical properties of this material is critically discussed in this review paper. In addition, the advantages of bamboo fibres as the reinforcing phase in polymer composites is highlighted in this review paper. Besides that, the bamboo-based products such as laminated bamboo lumber, glued-laminated bamboo, hybrid bamboo polymer composites, parallel bamboo strand lumber, parallel strand bamboo, bamboo-oriented strand board, and bamboo-scrimber have lately been developed and used in structural applications.
- Recent advances in thin and broadband layered microwave absorbing and shielding structures for commercial and defense applications
Ravi Panwar and Jung Ryul Lee 2019 Funct. Compos. Struct. 1 032001
View article, Recent advances in thin and broadband layered microwave absorbing and shielding structures for commercial and defense applicationsPDF, Recent advances in thin and broadband layered microwave absorbing and shielding structures for commercial and defense applicationsThe development of cost-effective, lightweight, wideband microwave absorbing and shielding (MA&S) structures with exotic electromagnetic and mechanical properties is a complex task for academia and industry. The microwave absorption and shielding properties of materials can be significantly improved by the application of layered structures. In this article, an attempt is made to critically analyze and understand the current state of layered MA&S structures and their development directions. This article presents a critical and systematic review of the design and implementation of advanced and diversified layered MA&S structures such as nanocomposite, honeycomb, pyramidal, metamaterial and plasma structures. The objective of this article is to assist in the material and geometry selection process for the development of layered MA&S structures. The theory and operating principle of layered MA&S structures is briefly sketched with attention paid to the electromagnetic mixing models and optimization strategies. This article aims to address various issues associated with such a rapidly expanding field. This article also offers a perspective on the experimental efforts towards the development of efficient layered MA&S structures. This article will be helpful for academicians and scientists dealing with the design and development of electromagnetic structures for distinct practical electromagnetic applications.
- Effect of silane treatments on mechanical performance of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer composites: a review
N M Nurazzi et al 2021 Funct. Compos. Struct. 3 045003
View article, Effect of silane treatments on mechanical performance of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer composites: a reviewPDF, Effect of silane treatments on mechanical performance of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer composites: a reviewNatural cellulosic fibres, such as kenaf, can be used in polymeric composites in place of synthetic fibres. The rapid depletion of synthetic resources such as petroleum and growing awareness of global environmental problems associated with synthetic products contribute to the acceptance of natural fibres as reinforcing material in polymer composite structures. In Africa and Asia, kenaf is considered a major crop used for various cordage products such as rope, twine, and burlap and in construction, it is used for thermal insulation of walls, floors, and roofs and soundproofing solutions. In the furniture and automotive industry, it is used to manufacture medium-density fibreboard and other composite materials for structural applications. Kenaf is primarily composed of cellulose (approximately 40%–80%), which accounts for its superior mechanical performance. Kenaf fibres are chemically treated before mixing with the polymer matrix to improve their fibre interaction and composite performance. The alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is the most frequently used chemical treatment, followed by a silane treatment. Numerous chemical concentrations of NaOH and silane solutions are investigated and several combined treatments such as alkaline-silane. The present review discusses the effect of silane treatments on the surface of kenaf fibre on the fabrication of polymer composites and their mechanical properties.
- Development of hBN/natural fibres reinforced polymer composites using grey relation grade analysis for thermal and electrical applications
Ramraji Kirubakaran et al 2024 Funct. Compos. Struct. 6 025002
View article, Development of hBN/natural fibres reinforced polymer composites using grey relation grade analysis for thermal and electrical applicationsPDF, Development of hBN/natural fibres reinforced polymer composites using grey relation grade analysis for thermal and electrical applicationsThe objective of this work is to enhance the thermal conductivity and electrical properties of polymer hybrid composites through a systematic novel grey relation grade analysis (GRGA) optimization approach. This involves reinforcing the hybrid composites with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and various kinds of natural fibers or fillers. The development of a unique technology to produce multiphase composites using 2% of natural fibers or fillers such as coir fiber, rice husk filler, wood filler (WF), banana fiber (BF) and sugarcane fiber along with hBN (1, 3, 5 wt.%) particulates as reinforcements in epoxy matrix. The Taguchi L15 matrix array is utilized to fabricate interlaced composite samples via hand layup molding. Ultrasonic waves are used to ensure the uniform distribution of hBN filler into the matrix. Analysis of variance and GRGA reveal the significant results. It shows that the multiphase hybrid composites exhibit good thermal conductivity when higher content of hBN (5 wt.%) particulate for all the micro particulate polymer (MPP) composites. Multi-response optimization shows that the micro BF (2 wt.%) interlaces with hBN (5 wt.%) composite exhibits the higher thermal conductivity and electrical resistance compared to all other natural fiber interlaced composites. The aforementioned MPP composite has thermal conductivity of 1.03 W (m·K)−1 and electrical resistance of 279.88 Giga Ohms. Besides, the WF interlaced hBN (5 wt.%) composite shows the minimum dielectric constant compared to all other natural fiber composites. This desirable result is caused by the proper dispersion of hBN with the matrix which encourages interlocking with the fiber and the matrix. Maximum electrical resistance is observed for composite containing 5 wt.% of h-BN and 2 wt.% of BF. The developed MPP composite could be used in heat shields, electrical insulation components, and interior automotive components like dashboards, luggage compartments and interior walls.
- Bio-waste as a resource for sustainable nanocomposites: strategies and multifunctional applications
K Z M Abdul Motaleb et al 2025 Funct. Compos. Struct. 7 022002
View article, Bio-waste as a resource for sustainable nanocomposites: strategies and multifunctional applicationsPDF, Bio-waste as a resource for sustainable nanocomposites: strategies and multifunctional applicationsThe conversion of bio-waste into green nanocomposites offers an innovative and sustainable solution to global waste management challenges while advancing material science. Bio-waste, often seen as a disposal burden, can be transformed into high-performance, eco-friendly nanocomposites that significantly enhance environmental sustainability and resource efficiency. This review explores recent advancements in utilizing bio-waste as a raw material, focusing on its diverse origins, efficient preparation techniques, and broad applications. A wide range of bio-resources, from agricultural to industrial waste, has been studied, offering valuable insights into their properties and potential uses. The review also examines processing technologies for converting bio-waste into functional nanocomposites, showcasing their efficiency and innovation. Bio-waste-derived green nanocomposites have demonstrated remarkable potential in fields such as packaging, biomedical devices, environmental remediation, agriculture, electronics, and the automotive industry. Additionally, these materials exhibit a significantly lower environmental footprint compared to traditional materials, addressing key challenges like plastic pollution and environmental degradation. Despite these benefits, challenges remain in scaling up industrial production, including economic constraints, health and safety concerns, and technical limitations. This review identifies these barriers and proposes strategies to overcome them, supporting further development in the field. Ultimately, the study underscores the urgent need for continued research and innovation to unlock the full potential of bio-waste as a valuable resource. By promoting a circular economy and reducing reliance on non-renewable resources, bio-waste-derived nanocomposites pave the way for a greener, more sustainable future.
Journal resources
Journal information
- 2018-present
Functional Composites and Structures
doi: 10.1088/issn.2631-6331
Online ISSN: 2631-6331