feat(frontend): implement system catalog schema: information_schema

[HuaHuaY]

I hereby agree to the terms of the Singularity Data, Inc. Contributor License Agreement.

What's changed and what's your intention?

1. Implement information_schema. And add information_schema.columns. columns contains columns in table, materialized view(except internal tables) and system table.
2. Modify the logic of searching system catalog of frontend. Use table_id instead of table_name.

TODO

1. If we want to add more column in information_schema.columns, we may need to modify the type system of RisingWave.
2. Add views' columns to information_schema.columns.
3. Need to judge the user permissions related to information_schema, I will check it later.

Checklist

• I have written necessary rustdoc comments
• I have added necessary unit tests and integration tests
• All checks passed in ./risedev check (or alias, ./risedev c)

Documentation

Types of user-facing changes

Please keep the types that apply to your changes, and remove those that do not apply.

• SQL commands, functions, and operators

Release note

1. add information_schema(PostgreSQL's doc: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/information-schema.html).
   The information schema consists of a set of views that contain information about the objects defined in the current database.
2. add information_schema.columns(PostgreSQL's doc: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/infoschema-columns.html).
   The view columns contains information about all table columns (or view columns) in the database. System columns (ctid, etc.) are not included. Only those columns are shown that the current user has access to (by way of being the owner or having some privilege). In RisingWave, columns also contains all materialized views' columns.

Refer to a related PR or issue link (optional)

relate #6149

[BowenXiao1999]

LGTM! Great Job.

We can replace Describe t; next

[yezizp2012]

Good job!!I LGTM.

[yezizp2012]

LGTM~

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #6227 (ad35e79) into main (df0c3f4) will increase coverage by 0.38%.
The diff coverage is 73.36%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #6227      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   74.18%   74.57%   +0.38%     
==========================================
  Files         944      945       +1     
  Lines      152310   152769     +459     
==========================================
+ Hits       112992   113923     +931     
+ Misses      39318    38846     -472     

Flag	Coverage Δ
rust	74.57% <73.36%> (+0.38%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
src/batch/src/execution/local_exchange.rs	56.84% <0.00%> (ø)
src/batch/src/executor/sys_row_seq_scan.rs	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
src/common/src/catalog/mod.rs	71.42% <ø> (ø)
src/common/src/config.rs	70.41% <ø> (ø)
src/compute/src/rpc/service/exchange_service.rs	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
src/frontend/src/binder/select.rs	94.56% <ø> (ø)
src/frontend/src/catalog/mod.rs	75.67% <ø> (ø)
src/frontend/src/catalog/schema_catalog.rs	76.95% <0.00%> (-1.19%)	⬇️
...c/catalog/system_catalog/information_schema/mod.rs	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
...ntend/src/catalog/system_catalog/pg_catalog/mod.rs	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
... and 82 more

📣 We’re building smart automated test selection to slash your CI/CD build times. Learn more

[yezizp2012]

Please add some description about the Types of user-facing changes and Release Note in this PR, so that the document team can update the details of use-facing changes in the docs. 🙏