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List of hominoids

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Brown orangutan
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelli)

Hominoidea is a superfamily of primates. Members of this superfamily are called hominoids or apes, and include gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons, bonobos, and humans. Hominoidea is one of the six major groups in the order Primates. The majority are found in forests in Southeastern Asia and Equatorial Africa, with the exception of humans, which have spread worldwide to every biome. They range in size from some gibbon species in the genus Nomascus, at 40 cm (16 in), to the eastern gorilla, at 196 cm (77 in), not including limbs. Hominoids primarily eat fruit, leaves, flowers, and insects, though humans are omnivorous. Most hominoids do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 10 mature individuals to 47,000, in addition to over 8 billion humans. Nearly every species is categorized as endangered or critically endangered; aside from humans, the only exception is the eastern hoolock gibbon, classified as vulnerable.

The twenty-eight extant species of Hominoidea are divided into two families: Hominidae, containing five gorilla, chimpanzee, and human species divided into three genera in the subfamily Homininae, and three orangutan species in a single genus in the subfamily Ponginae; and Hylobatidae, containing twenty gibbon species divided into four genera. Dozens of extinct prehistoric hominoid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

[edit]
IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (10 species)
 EN Endangered (16 species)
 VU Vulnerable (1 species)
 NT Near threatened (0 species)
 LC Least concern (0 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (0 species)
 NE Not evaluated (1 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the hominoid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera, species, or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

[edit]
World map
Distribution of hominid species
Map of southeastern Asia
Distribution of hylobatid species

The superfamily Hominoidea consists of two extant families: Hominidae and Hylobatidae. Hominidae is divided into two subfamilies: Homininae, containing five species divided between three genera, and Ponginae, containing three species in a single genus. Hylobatidae contains twenty species in four genera.

Family Hominidae

  • Subfamily Homininae
    • Genus Gorilla (gorillas): two species
    • Genus Homo (human): one species
    • Genus Pan (chimpanzees): two species
  • Subfamily Ponginae
    • Genus Pongo (orangutans): three species

Family Hylobatidae

  • Genus Hoolock (hoolock gibbons): three species
  • Genus Hylobates (dwarf gibbons): eight species
  • Genus Nomascus (crested gibbons): seven species
  • Genus Symphalangus (siamang): one species
Hominoidea[2]  

Hominoids

[edit]

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[3]

Family Hominidae

[edit]

Subfamily Homininae

[edit]
Genus Gorilla Geoffroy, 1852 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern gorilla

Black gorilla

G. beringei
Matschie, 1903

Two subspecies
Central Africa
Map
Size: 160–196 cm (63–77 in) long[4]

Habitat: Forest[5]

Diet: Roots, leaves, stems, and pith, as well as bark, wood, flowers, fruit, fungi, galls, invertebrates, and gorilla dung[6]
 CR 


2,600 Population declining[5]

Western gorilla

Black gorilla

G. gorilla
(Savage, 1847)

Two subspecies
Western Africa
Map
Size: 130–185 cm (51–73 in) long[7]

Habitat: Forest[8]

Diet: Leaves, berries, ferns, and fibrous bark[9]
 CR 


Unknown Population declining[8]

Genus Homo Linnaeus, 1758 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Human

Two humans standing in grass

H. sapiens
Linnaeus, 1758
Worldwide (population density shown)
Map of range
Size: 140–210 cm (55–83 in) long, including legs[10]

Habitat: Varied

Diet: Omnivorous
 NE 


8 billion Population increasing

Genus Pan Oken, 1816 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bonobo

Black bonobo

P. paniscus
Schwarz, 1929
Central Africa
Map of range
Size: 70–83 cm (28–33 in) long[11]

Habitat: Forest[12]

Diet: Fruits and seeds, as well as leaves, stems, shoots, pith, bark, flowers, truffles, fungus, and honey[12]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[12]

Chimpanzee

Black chimpanzee

P. troglodytes
(Blumenbach, 1775)

Four subspecies
Central and western Africa
Map of range
Size: 63–90 cm (25–35 in) long[13]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[14]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, stems, buds, bark, pith, seeds, and resins, as well as insects, small vertebrates, and eggs[15]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[14]

Subfamily Ponginae

[edit]
Genus Pongo Lacépède, 1799 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean orangutan

Reddish-brown orangutan

P. pygmaeus
(Linnaeus, 1760)

Three subspecies
  • P. p. morio (Northeast Bornean orangutan)
  • P. p. pygmaeus (Northwest Bornean orangutan)
  • P. p. wurmbii (Central Bornean orangutan)
Borneo
Map of range
Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long[16]

Habitat: Forest[17]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, shoots, as well as insects, sap, vines, spider webs, bird eggs, fungi, flowers, bark, and soil[18]
 CR 


Unknown Population declining[17]

Sumatran orangutan

Brown orangutan

P. abelii
Lesson, 1827
Northern island of Sumatra in Indonesia
Map of range
Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long[16]

Habitat: Forest[19]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and eggs[20]
 CR 


Unknown Population declining[19]

Tapanuli orangutan

Brown orangutan

P. tapanuliensis
Nurcahyo, Meijaard, Nowak, Fredriksson, Groves, 2017
South Tapanuli in Sumatra
List of hominoids is located in Sumatra
List of hominoids
Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long[16][21]

Habitat: Forest[22]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[23]
 CR 


Unknown Population declining[22]

Family Hylobatidae

[edit]
Genus Hoolock Mootnick, Groves, 2005 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern hoolock gibbon

Black gibbon

H. leuconedys
(Groves, 1967)
Southern Asia
Map of range
Size: About 55 cm (22 in) long[24]

Habitat: Forest[25]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves and shoots[25]
 VU 


Unknown Population declining[25]

Skywalker hoolock gibbon


H. tianxing
Fan, 2017
Southern Asia
Map of range
Size: About 81 cm (32 in) long[26]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as invertebrates, bird chicks, and flowers[27]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[27]

Western hoolock gibbon

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

H. hoolock
(Harlan, 1834)
Southern Asia
Map of range
Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long[28]

Habitat: Forest[29]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[29]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[29]

Genus Hylobates Illiger, 1811 – eight species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Agile gibbon

Black gibbon

H. agilis
F. Cuvier, 1821
Southeastern Asia
Map of range
Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long[30]

Habitat: Forest[31]

Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, leaves, and insects[31]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[31]

Bornean white-bearded gibbon

Brown gibbon

H. albibarbis
Lyon, 1911
Southern Borneo
Map of range
Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long[30][32]

Habitat: Forest[33]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, insects, and flowers[33]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[33]

Eastern grey gibbon

Brown gibbon

H. funereus
I. Geoffroy, 1850
Northern Borneo (in yellow)
Map of range
Size: 47–49 cm (19–19 in) long[34]

Habitat: Forest[35]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and insects[34]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[35]

Kloss's gibbon

Black gibbon

H. klossii
(Miller, 1903)
Mentawai Islands, west of Sumatra
Map of range
Size: 44–64 cm (17–25 in) long[36]

Habitat: Forest[37]

Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, eggs, small vertebrates, and insects[36]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[37]

Lar gibbon

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

H. lar
(Linnaeus, 1771)

Five subspecies
Southeastern Asia
Map of range
Size: 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long[30]

Habitat: Forest[38]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leafy plants, flowers, and insects[39]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[38]

Müller's gibbon

Black gibbon

H. muelleri
Martin, 1841
Southeastern Asia
Map of range
Size: 44–64 cm (17–25 in) long[40]

Habitat: Forest[41]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves[40]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[41]

Pileated gibbon

White gibbon and black gibbon

H. pileatus
(Gray, 1861)
Southeastern Asia
Map of range
Size: 45–64 cm (18–25 in) long[42]

Habitat: Forest[43]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, shoots, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates[42]
 EN 


47,000 Population declining[43]

Silvery gibbon

Gray gibbon

H. moloch
(Audebert, 1798)
Island of Java in Indonesia
Map of range
Size: 42–64 cm (17–25 in) long[44]

Habitat: Forest[45]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects[45]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[45]

Western grey gibbon


H. abbotti
Kloss, 1929
Western Borneo
Map of range
Size: 42–64 cm (17–25 in) long[44]

Habitat: Forest[46]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and insects[46]
 EN 


30,000–45,000 Population declining[46]

Genus Nomascus Miller, 1933 – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Black crested gibbon


N. concolor
(Harlan, 1826)

Four subspecies
  • N. c. concolor (Tonkin black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. furvogaster (West Yunnan black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. jingdongensis (Central Yunnan black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. lu (Central Yunnan black crested gibbon)
Southeastern Asia
Map of range
Size: 43–54 cm (17–21 in) long[47]

Habitat: Forest[48]

Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as buds, flowers, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates[47]
 CR 


1,500 Population declining[48]

Eastern black crested gibbon


N. nasutus
(Künckel d'Herculais, 1884)
Southeastern Asia
Map of range
Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long[49]

Habitat: Forest[50]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and buds, as well as animals, flowers, and plant parts[50]
 CR 


45 Population declining[50]

Hainan black crested gibbon

Shadowed gibbon

N. hainanus
(Thomas, 1892)
Island of Hainan in China
Map of range
Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long[49]

Habitat: Forest[51]

Diet: Fruit[51]
 CR 


10 Population steady[51]

Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon


N. annamensis
Thinh, 2010
Southeastern Asia
Map of range
Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long[49]

Habitat: Forest[52]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, shoots, and flowers, as well as small mammals and lizards[52]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[52]

Northern white-cheeked gibbon

Black gibbon

N. leucogenys
(Ogilby, 1840)
Southeastern Asia
Map of range
Size: 45–63 cm (18–25 in) long[53]

Habitat: Forest[54]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and insects[53]
 CR 


Unknown Population declining[54]

Southern white-cheeked gibbon

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

N. siki
(Delacour, 1951)
Southeastern Asia
Map of range
Size: 47–64 cm (19–25 in) long[55]

Habitat: Forest[56]

Diet: Fruit[56]
 CR 


600 Population declining[56]

Yellow-cheeked gibbon

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

N. gabriellae
(Thomas, 1909)
Southeastern Asia
Map of range
Size: 45–50 cm (18–20 in) long[57]

Habitat: Forest[58]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and flowers[58]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[58]

Genus Symphalangus Gloger, 1841 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Siamang

Black siamang

S. syndactylus
(Raffles, 1821)
Southeastern Asia
Map of range
Size: 71–90 cm (28–35 in) long[59]

Habitat: Forest[60]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects[60]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[60]

References

[edit]
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