Ättestupa
Ättestupa (Swedish for 'kin/clan precipice') is a name given to a number of precipices in Sweden.
The name supposedly denotes sites where ritual senicide took place during pagan Norse prehistoric times, whereby elderly people threw themselves, or were thrown, to their deaths.[1] According to legend, this was done when old people were unable to support themselves or assist in a household.
History of the term
[edit]Senicide and suicide precipices are mentioned in several sources from antiquity, e.g. the Ligurians in Paradoxographus Vaticanus[2] and Procopius in his description of the Heruli from the 6th century CE.[3] Solinus wrote about the happy hyperboreans at the North Pole, where it is daylight for half a year—between the vernal equinox to the autumnal equinox, and described the climate as being so healthy that the people there did not die, but instead, threw themselves from a precipice into the sea.[4]
The term ättestupa came into use in Sweden in the 17th century, inspired by the Old Icelandic saga Gautreks saga, which is partly set in the Swedish region of Götaland. The saga contains a comical episode known as Dalafíflaþáttr ('the story of the fools from the valleys') in which one particular family is so miserly that they prefer to kill themselves than see their wealth spent on hospitality. In this tale, the family members kill themselves by jumping off a cliff which the saga calls the Ættarstapi or Ætternisstapi ("dynasty precipice"), a word which occurs in no Old Norse texts other than this saga.[5] Gautreks saga became known in Sweden in 1664, when an edition and Swedish translation was published by Olaus Verelius.[6] This seems to have inspired Swedish antiquarians from the 17th century through into the 19th to label various cliffs with the name ättestupa. The Swedish linguist Adolf Noreen started questioning the myth at the end of the 19th century,[5] and it is now generally accepted among researchers that the practice of suicide precipices never existed.[7][8][9] Place-names which Gautreks saga inspired, however, continue to exist in the Swedish landscape.
The term ättestupa has been used often in modern times, in political contexts, to underline how bad an insufficiently funded social security program can be, especially for retirees.[10]
Associated locations
[edit] | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2024) |
Several places in Sweden are alleged to be former suicide precipices:
- Keillers Park in Göteborg has a precipice called Ättestupan.
- A part of the village Åby outside of Norrköping was called Ättetorp, and in the nearby forest there is a precipice called Ättestupan.
- Precipices at Vargön and close to the lake Vristulven in Västergötland
- Ättestupeberget at Långared (Alingsås kommun, Västergötland) (RT 90: X=6431606, Y=1297860)[11]
- Ättestupan in Västra Tunhem (Vänersborgs kommun, Västergötland) (RT 90: X=6474997, Y=1301199)[11]
- Kullberget in Hällefors (Örebro län) is locally called "ättestupan".
- Olofströms kommun between Olofström – Gaslunda, by the lake Orlunden
- The western cliff faces of Omberg in Östergötland are said to be an ättestupa.
- Virsehatt nature reserve in Halland is said to be an ättestupa.
In popular culture
[edit]In the 1960s, the Swedish comedy radio program Mosebacke Monarki satirically introduced ättestupa, abbreviated ÄTP, as an alternative to ATP, a state-provided pension.[12]
The 2019 horror film Midsommar by Ari Aster uses the term to describe a fictional tradition in which elderly cult members throw themselves off a high cliff in ritual suicide once they reach the age of 72.[13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Weibull, Lauritz Ulrik Absalon (1996). Scandia, Volume 62. Statens humanistiska forskningsråd. p. 365.
In the " collective memory " of the treatment of old people in bygone days, the idea of the " suicidal precipice " (Swedish ättestupa) plays a major role: old people in pagan times were thought to have fallen to their deaths off a cliff, whether voluntarily jumping or being pushed.
- ^ Parkin, Tim G. (2003). Old Age in the Roman World: A Cultural and Social History. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 261, with n. 109 on p. 431.
When their parents are no longer useful because of their old age, the Ligurians throw them off a cliff. Λίγυες τοὺς γονεῖς, ὅταν μηκέτι ὦσι διὰ γῆρας χρήσιμοι, κατακρημνίζουσιν.
- ^ Procopius, History of the Wars, Book VI, chapter XIV. Wikisource
- ^ Caius Julius Solinus. "De Hyperboreis, et Hyperboreæ regionibus". Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ a b Adolf Noreen. "Ättestupa". Nordisk familjebok. pp. 548–549 – via Project Runeberg.
- ^ Gothrici & Rolfi Westrogothiae Regum Historia, Lingua Antiqua Gothica Conscripta, ed. and trans. by Olaus Verelius (Uppsala, 1664).
- ^ Birgitta Odén (interview) (29 September 1999). "Ättestupan bara en skröna". Dagens Nyheter.
- ^ Odén, Birgitta (1996). "Ättestupan – myt eller verklighet?". Scandia: Tidskrift för Historisk Forskning (in Swedish). 62 (2): 221–234. ISSN 0036-5483. Retrieved 25 December 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Jonathan York Heng Hui, 'The Matter of Gautland' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018), pp. 119–29; https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.3036.
- ^ S Fölster, S Larsson, J Lund, ”Avtalspension – dagens ättestupa?” Archived 24 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Svenska Ortnamn (CD-skiva utgiven av Sveriges Släktforskarförbund)
- ^ Karl Bloomberg. "Facing the Inevitable: Using the modern practice of Döstädning to understand Ättestupa" (PDF). p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Cea, Max (8 July 2019). "Inside Midsommar's Most Jarring Scene". GQ. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
External links
[edit]- Vad är sant om ättestupor? – from the periodical Populär Historia