William "Wild Bill" Langer (September 30, 1886 – November 8, 1959) was an American lawyer and politician from North Dakota, where he was an infamous character, bouncing back from a scandal that forced him out of the governor's office and into multiple trials. He was the 17th and 21st governor of North Dakota from 1932 to 1934 and from 1937 to 1939.
Bill Langer | |
|---|---|
 | |
| United States Senator from North Dakota | |
| In office January 3, 1941 – November 8, 1959 | |
| Preceded by | Lynn Frazier |
| Succeeded by | Norman Brunsdale |
| 17th and 21st Governor of North Dakota | |
| In office January 6, 1937 – January 5, 1939 | |
| Lieutenant | Thorstein H. H. Thoresen |
| Preceded by | Walter Welford |
| Succeeded by | John Moses |
| In office December 31, 1932 – June 21, 1934 | |
| Lieutenant | Ole H. Olson |
| Preceded by | George F. Shafer |
| Succeeded by | Ole H. Olson |
| 10th Attorney General of North Dakota | |
| In office 1917–1920 | |
| Governor | Lynn Frazier |
| Preceded by | Henry Linde |
| Succeeded by | William Lemke |
| Personal details | |
| Born | September 30, 1886 Casselton, Dakota Territory, U.S. (now North Dakota) |
| Died | November 8, 1959 (aged 73) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Political party | Republican (NPL faction) |
| Spouse | Lydia Cady |
| Education | University of North Dakota (LLB) Columbia University (BA) |
Langer was elected to the United States Senate in 1940, remaining until he died in office in 1959. There he strongly opposed any American military involvement in world affairs, and his opponents derided him as an isolationist.
Early life, education and early career
editLanger was born on September 30, 1886, near Casselton, Dakota Territory, to German-Americans Frank and Mary (Weber) Langer. His Catholic father, Frank Langer, was a member of the first legislature of the state of North Dakota. William, who spoke German fluently,[1] was valedictorian of Casselton High School upon graduation in 1904. He obtained a bachelor of laws from the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, but was too young upon graduation to practice law. He therefore continued his undergraduate education at Columbia, where he graduated at the top of his class in 1910. Although he was offered a position at a prominent New York law firm, he elected to return to North Dakota, where he practiced law in the town of Mandan before starting his career in politics.
Personal life
editLanger married Lydia Cady, the daughter of New York architect J. Cleaveland Cady, in 1918,[2] and had four daughters, Emma, Lydia, Mary, and Cornelia (who became a wife of abstract painter Kenneth Noland).
Career
edit
In 1914, Langer was appointed state's attorney of Morton County and was one of a few non-farmers on the Nonpartisan League (NPL) Republican 1916 state ticket. He was elected state attorney general as the newly formed NPL party swept to victory in the 1916 election, but soon clashed with the party's founder and mercurial leader Arthur C. Townley. By 1920, Langer was publicly accusing Townley of Bolshevism, and failed in a primary campaign to replace the incumbent NPL governor Lynn Frazier as the party's gubernatorial candidate. Langer's break with the NPL leadership was a reflection of the infighting that limited the party's eventual influence on North Dakota politics.
Governor
editLanger eventually mended his rift with the NPL and was elected governor of North Dakota in 1932. As governor, Langer in 1933 required all state employees to donate part of their annual salaries to the NPL and to the Leader, a weekly newspaper owned by high-ranking officials in his administration. Collecting this money was not prohibited by state law and was a common, traditional practice. But when donations were made by highway department employees, who were paid through federal relief programs, the U.S. Attorney for North Dakota, P. W. Lanier, charged that the donations constituted a conspiracy to defraud the federal government. Brought to trial in 1934, Langer and five co-conspirators were convicted. The trial was presided over by Judge Andrew Miller and prosecuted by Lanier, two of Langer's strongest political opponents in the state.[3]
The first trial was littered with procedural errors that made it invalid on appeal, including improper and rigged jury selection (the jurors were alleged to have had personal bias against Langer and been hand-picked by Lanier) and heavily biased jury instructions.[3]
Because of the felony conviction, the North Dakota Supreme Court on September 19, 1934, ordered Langer removed from office and declared Lieutenant Governor Ole H. Olson the legitimate governor.[4] Langer signed a Declaration of Independence of North Dakota, declared martial law in Bismarck, and barricaded himself in the governor's mansion.[5] He eventually relented when his own officers refused to recognize his authority, and Olson served the remainder of Langer's term as governor.[6]
In 1935 the convictions were overturned on appeal.[7] The case against Langer was retried twice in 1935. Miller, following a recusal motion by Langer, refused to step down as judge in the first retrial, which resulted in a hung jury. Between the second and third trials, Lanier filed charges against Langer for committing perjury in his recusal motion against Miller. This trial, unprecedented in its nature on perjury in an affidavit requesting a recusal, resulted in a directed verdict to acquit Langer. The second retrial of the original charges, presided over by a judge other than Miller, resulted in Langer's acquittal.[3]
Throughout the trials, Langer maintained that he was innocent and the victim of a political vendetta by Miller and Lanier. He was reelected governor in 1936. Historian Lawrence Larsen has called Langer "a master of political theater".[8]
Langer's wife, Lydia, ran for governor in 1934 but lost to Democratic candidate Thomas H. Moodie.[9][10]
Senate career
editIn 1938 Langer ran for the Senate as an independent, and received 42% of the vote, losing to Republican Gerald Nye.
The 1940 Senate election was another very dramatic one. Langer defeated incumbent Lynn Frazier in the Republican primary, and then faced both the Democratic candidate, Charles Joseph Vogel, and Republican/NPL Congressman William Lemke, who declined to run for reelection to Congress in order to run for the Senate as an independent. Langer won the election with 38% of the vote.
Because of the trials mentioned above, Langer's qualifications were questioned under Article 1, Section 5 of the Constitution, which declares the U.S. Senate the ultimate judge of its members' elections, qualifications, and returns. The Senate seated Langer conditionally and began an investigation into his trials. The Committee on Privileges and Elections found Langer guilty of "moral turpitude" and unqualified to be a U.S. senator. The full Senate reversed the committee and voted to seat Langer.[3] The vote to expel Langer failed, then needing 64 votes to reach the two-third majority to pass.[11]
Biographer Glenn H. Smith calls Langer's Senate career "A Study in Isolationism, 1940–1959" and emphasizes his close ties with German American and Scandinavian American voters who bitterly remembered the First World War in the Dakotas and deeply distrusted Britain and the United Nations.[12] Like Senator Henrik Shipstead of Minnesota, Langer championed non-interventionism[13] and supported minimizing America's involvement in World War II. At home, he concentrated on making life easier for North Dakotan farmers by raising wheat prices and granting government relief. He was also adamant about implementing affordable healthcare for everyone. As a senator, he served on the Post Office, Civil Service and Indian Affairs committees. He and Shipstead were the only senators to vote against the United Nations Charter in 1945.[9] He was also one of seven senators to oppose full U.S. entry into the United Nations.[14]
After African-American organizations asked Langer to propose a bill for the federal government to pay for the repatriation of African-Americans to the African continent, he did so.[15] The bill, S. 1800, failed to pass.[15] Langer was a Zionist who supported the establishment of Israel. During World War II, he had also supported American action to rescue Jewish refugees.[16]
In September 1950, Langer filibustered to prevent the override of President Harry S. Truman's veto of the McCarran Internal Security Act for five hours before collapsing.[17]
In 1951, Langer lobbied John J. McCloy, the U.S. High Commissioner for Germany, to grant a reprieve to Martin Sandberger, a high-ranking SS official who had been convicted of crimes against humanity and war crimes for his role in the mass murder of Jews and others in Estonia during the Holocaust.[18] Although sentenced to die by the tribunal of the Einsatzgruppen trial, in no small part due to Langer's lobbying,[18] Sandberger's sentence was commuted and he served only 13 years in custody. He died in 2010, at the age of 98.[19]
After the Nonpartisan League merged with the state Democratic party, Langer remained on the Republican ticket in the 1958 Senate elections and won without making a single campaign appearance in the state. He voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1957.[20] Langer died in Washington, D.C., on November 8, 1959. He was the last U.S. senator to lie in state in the Senate Chamber until Robert Byrd of West Virginia in 2010.[21]
Political offices
edit- 1914–1916: State's Attorney for Morton County
- 1916–1920: Attorney General of North Dakota
- 1933–1934: Governor of North Dakota (removed from office)
- 1937–1939: Governor of North Dakota
- 1941–1959: United States Senate
Works
edit- The Famine in Germany. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1946.
- The Nonpartisan League; Its Birth, Activities and Leaders. Mandan, ND: Morton County Farmers Press, 1920.
See also
edit
Footnotes
edit- ^ Alan S. Gerber, Eric Schickler: Governing in a Polarized Age. Elections, Parties, and Political Representation in America, p. 156
- ^ "Attorney General of North Dakota weds New York Girl". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 27, 1918.
- ^ a b c d Vogel, Robert (2004). Unequal Contest: Bill Langer and His Political Enemies. Mandan, ND: Crain Grosinger Publishing. ISBN 0-9720054-3-9.
- ^ State ex rel. Olson v. Langer, 256 N.W. 377 (N.D. 1934).
- ^ Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969)
- ^ Miller, Roy L. (1935). "The Gubernatorial Controversy in North Dakota". American Political Science Review. 29 (3): 418–432. doi:10.2307/1947758. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1947758. S2CID 146910041.
- ^ Langer v. United States, 76 F.2d 817 (8th Cir. 1935).
- ^ Lawrence H. Larsen, "'United States' v. 'Langer, et al.:' The U.S. District Attorney's Files," North Dakota History, 1984, Vol. 51 Issue 1, pp 4–13
- ^ a b http://library.und.edu/special-collections/langer/og19.html [dead link]
- ^ ND Governor Race - Nov 06, 1934. Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
- ^ "TO PASS THE SECOND BRANCH OF S. RES. 220, WHICH STATES, "THAT WILLIAM LANGER IS NOT ENTITLED TO BE A SENATOR OF THE UNITED STATES FROM THE STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA."". GovTrack.us. March 27, 1942. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
- ^ Smith (1979).
- ^ "Henrik Shipstead Against the UN | History News Network". August 2005.
- ^ "UNO Bill Approved By Senate, 65 to 7, With One Change". The New York Times. December 4, 1945. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ a b Plummer, Brenda Gayle (1996). Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 109. ISBN 9780807845752.
- ^ "Langer, William". Encyclopedia. December 28, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
- ^ Griffith, Robert (1970). The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 121.
- ^ a b Smelser, Ronald M., and Davies, Edward J., The Myth of the Eastern Front, Cambridge University Press 2007 ISBN 0-521-71231-9
- ^ Frei, Norbert, and Golb, Joel, "Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi past", at pages 226 to 229.
- ^ "HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957". GovTrack.us.
- ^ Rulon Herman, Malia (June 6, 2013). "Lautenberg lies in repose in Senate chamber". USA Today.
Further reading
edit- Holzworth, John M. The Fighting Governor: The Story of William Langer and the State of North Dakota. Chicago: The Pointer Press, 1938.
- Smith, Glenn H. Langer of North Dakota: A Study in Isolationism, 1940–1959. New York: Garland Publishers, 1979.
- Smith, Glenn H. "William Langer," in Thomas W. Howard, ed. The North Dakota Political Tradition. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1981.
- Tweton, D. Jerome. "The Politics of Chaos: North Dakota in the 1930s," Journal of the West, Fall 2002, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 30–35.
External links
edit- William Langer Papers at the University of North Dakota
- North Dakota Governors – William Langer
- Entry on the secession of North Dakota
- Várdy, Steven Béla and Tooly, T. Hunt: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe Available as MS Word for Windows file (3.4 MB) (the result of the conference on Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth Century Europe held at Duquesne University in November 2000.) Sub-section by CHARLES M. BARBER, The Isolationist as Interventionist: Senator William Langer on the Subject of Ethnic Cleansing, March 29, 1946, pp. 244–262
- William Langer mentioned in Episode 7 of Rachel Maddow's Ultra podcast (2022)