The United States–Jordan Free Trade Agreement is the first free trade agreement (FTA) between the United States and an Arab country (and the United States' fourth FTA overall behind Israel, Canada, and Mexico). It is Jordan's second free trade agreement, after the 1997 Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement.[1] The agreement, which grants duty-free status to nearly all Jordanian exports to the United States, was signed on 24 October 2000 and went into force on 17 December 2001.[2] Rules of origin require that goods be composed of a minimum of 35 percent Jordanian content to be eligible for duty-free entry.[3]
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|---|---|
| Type | Free trade agreement |
| Drafted | 24 October 2000 |
| Signed | 24 October 2000 |
| Location | Washington, D.C., United States |
| Effective | 17 December 2001 |
| Condition | 2 months after notification of each state that all internal procedures have been completed |
| Ratifiers | |
| Languages | |
As a result of the agreement, Jordan became a "magnet for apparel manufacturing," as U.S. companies such as Walmart, Target, and Hanes established factories so they could cut costs by eliminating tariffs. In 2019, U.S. exports to Jordan were $1.5 billion, while imports were $2.2 billion, about 80 percent of which were apparel and textile goods.[4]
Support in the United States
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| Long title | To implement the agreement establishing a United States-Jordan free trade area. |
|---|---|
| Enacted by | the 107th United States Congress |
| Citations | |
| Public law | Pub. L. 107–43 (text) (PDF) |
| Legislative history | |
| |
The U.S. House of Representatives ratified the FTA on 31 July 2001 and the U.S. Senate ratified it on 7 December 2001; both were by voice vote, an indication of its widespread support. President George W. Bush signed the United States–Jordan Free Trade Area Implementation Act into law on 28 September 2001.[5] It went into effect on 17 December 2001, and was fully implemented on 1 January 2010.
Economic rationale
editUnlike many trade agreements, the U.S.–Jordan Free Trade Agreement enjoyed widespread, bipartisan, and multisectoral support. Proponents pointed to the reduction of customs duties and other trade barriers as a boon for exports.[6]
Political rationale
editMore importantly, the U.S. government looked to the political gains to make the FTA worthwhile; economic gains for U.S. businesses, if any, were expected to be small. Ideally, the "economic linkages" generated by the FTA would "normalize strained relationships and offer institutional mechanisms to resolve and prevent political disputes."[3] This, in turn, would act as the "turning point in which hope begins to replace the despair on which violent extremists breed," as Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs William Burns put it.[7] The assumption was that in the course of jointly controlling and valuating rules of origin, Jordanian and Israeli customs officers would engage in interpersonal interactions resulting in understanding if not friendship.
In other words, the U.S. government has adopted a neoliberal worldview that believes stronger economic relations will bring about peace and stability in the Middle East.[3][8]
Impact
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Textile industry
editJordan became a "magnet for apparel manufacturing," as U.S. companies such as Walmart, Target, and Hanes established factories so they could cut costs by eliminating tariffs. In the FTA's first year, Jordan had increased exports by 213% and created 30,000 jobs. By 2002 Jordan enjoyed a marginal trade surplus with the United States.[3]
Five years after the FTA came into effect, Jordanian exports to the United States had increased twentyfold; Jordan's apparel exports to the United States in 2005 amounted to $1.2 billion.[9] Most of Jordan's exports to the United States come from one of 114 companies.[10]
Labor conditions
editIn 2006 the National Labor Committee, a U.S. non-governmental organization, released a series of reports on Jordanian sweatshops, whose conditions according to the NLC's executive director were "the worst:" 20-hour workdays, not being paid for months, and physical abuse. Most laborers are not Jordanians; they are contracted guest workers from countries such as Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and China who pay a lump sum of about $2,000 to $3,000 to get hired by a garment factory. However, some factories then confiscate their passports, subjecting them to de facto involuntary servitude bordering on human trafficking.[11] Many members of Congress expressed concern, especially because the Jordan FTA was lauded as "historic and progressive" for including labor and environmental provisions "directly within the agreement as opposed to being in a side agreement".[3]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Jordan has signed a range of free trade agreements". Oxford Business Group. 13 January 2016.
- ^ "Jordan Free Trade Agreement (JOFTA)". United States Customs and Border Protection. United States Department of Homeland Security.
- ^ a b c d e Momani, Bessma (November 2007). "A Middle East Free Trade Area: Economic Interdependence and Peace Considered" (PDF). The World Economy. 30 (11): 1682–1700. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01036.x. S2CID 155053491. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
- ^ "Jordan". United States Trade Representative.
- ^ "President Signs into Law H.R. 2603". Whitehouse Press Releases. 28 September 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
- ^ "Jordan Free Trade Agreement". Office of the United States Trade Representative. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
- ^ Burns, William (16 May 2003). Democratic Change and American Policy in the Middle East. Fourth Annual Conference on the Study of Islam and Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Centre for the Study of Islam and Democracy.
- ^ Dale C. Copeland (Spring 1996). "Economic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade Expectations". International Security. 20 (4). The MIT Press: 5–41. doi:10.2307/2539041. JSTOR 2539041. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
- ^ Greenhouse, Steven; Michael Barbaro (3 May 2006). "An Ugly Side of Free Trade: Sweatshops in Jordan". New York Times. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
- ^ "Jordan shutting abusive factories". Washington Times. 16 June 2006. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
- ^ Bustillo, Miguel (20 June 2011). "Sex Abuse Alleged at Apparel Maker". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 12 June 2012.