Wikipedia

International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance

The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), until January 2013 known as the Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research or ITF,[1] is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1998 which unites governments and experts to strengthen, advance and promote Holocaust education, research and remembrance worldwide and to uphold the commitments of the Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust.[2] The IHRA has 34 member countries,[3] one liaison country[4] and seven observer countries.[5]

International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
FounderGöran Persson
TypeIntergovernmental organization
PurposeUniting governments and experts to strengthen, advance and promote Holocaust education, remembrance and research worldwide and to uphold the commitments to the 2000 Stockholm Declaration
HeadquartersBerlin, Germany
Websitewww.holocaustremembrance.com
Formerly called
Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research

The organization was founded by the then sitting Swedish Prime Minister Göran Persson in 1998. From 26–28 January 2000, the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust was held, bringing together high-ranking political leaders and officials from more than forty countries to meet with civic and religious leaders, survivors, educators, and historians. Nobel Prize laureate Elie Wiesel served as the Forum's honorary Chairman and Professor Yehuda Bauer was the senior Academic Advisor to the forum.[6]

The IHRA carries out internal projects, seeks to influence public-policy making on Holocaust-related issues and develops research focusing on lesser known aspects of the Holocaust. The IHRA adopted the Working Definition of Antisemitism in 2016 and has since promoted it. The IHRA has faced criticism that its definition conflates criticism of Israel or Zionism with antisemitism.

Background

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Following a survey in 1997 which revealed that many school children lacked knowledge about the Holocaust, and also affected by his personal experience of visiting the site of the former Neuengamme concentration camp near Hamburg, Swedish Prime Minister Göran Persson decided to launch a debate in parliament about Holocaust education in Sweden. This resulted in the Swedish information campaign entitled Levande Historia[7] (Living History). Realizing that 'the fight against ignorance about the Holocaust called for an international partnership'[8] Persson also approached US President Bill Clinton and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair for their support[9] in establishing an international organization to support Holocaust education, remembrance, and research worldwide.

History

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The IHRA was founded in 1998 by Persson as the Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research (ITF). Its first meeting took place in May 1998. Holocaust scholar Yehuda Bauer took on the role of academic advisor. In 1998, Germany and Israel joined the initiative, followed in 1999 by the Netherlands, Poland, France, and Italy.

In 2013, ITF changed its name to the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). The logo of the IHRA, also adopted in 2013, was designed by the renowned architect, Daniel Libeskind.[10]

The Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust

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During 26–28 January 2000, the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust was held to mark the 55th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz on 27 January 1945. It was attended by historians, politicians, and heads of state from 45 countries.[11] Yehuda Bauer was invited to head the academic committee, while Nobel Prize Laureate Professor Elie Wiesel was asked to become the Honorary Chairman of the Forum. A joint declaration, the Stockholm Declaration,[2] was unanimously adopted. As German sociologist Helmut Dubiel notes, the conference "took place in an atmosphere informed by right-wing violence and spectacular success of rightist parties at the voting polls. Nonetheless, the end of the millennium and the anniversary of Auschwitz constituted a reference point for the foundation of a transnational union for struggle against genocide."[11]

Following the initial Forum on the Holocaust, the Stockholm International Forum Conferences were convened a further three times on the topics of Combatting Intolerance 2001; Truth Justice and Reconciliation 2002; Preventing Genocide 2004.[12]

The Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust

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The declaration (not to be confused with the 1972 Stockholm Declaration adopted by the UN) is the founding document of the IHRA.[13] It consists of eight paragraphs, which emphasize the importance of education, remembrance and research about the Holocaust.

With humanity still scarred by genocide, ethnic cleansing, racism, antisemitism and xenophobia, the international community shares a solemn responsibility to fight those evils. Together we must uphold the terrible truth of the Holocaust against those who deny it. We must strengthen the moral commitment of our peoples, and the political commitment of our governments, to ensure that future generations can understand the causes of the Holocaust and reflect upon its consequences.

— Paragraph 3, Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust

The declaration advocates the need to uphold the "terrible truth of the Holocaust against those who deny it," and to preserve the memory of the Holocaust as a "touchstone in our understanding of the human capacity for good and evil." According to the declaration, "the international community shares a solemn responsibility to fight" against "genocide, ethnic cleansing, racism, antisemitism and xenophobia".[14]

Working Definition of Antisemitism

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Main article: Working Definition of Antisemitism

In 2016, IHRA adopted the Working Definition of Antisemitism, first published by the EUMC in 2005. IHRA adopted the Working Definition of Antisemitism at a plenary session in 2016. On 1 June 2017, the European Parliament voted to adopt a resolution[15] calling on European Union member states and their institutions to adopt and apply the definition. The non-legally binding working definition includes illustrative examples of antisemitism to guide the IHRA in its work. These examples include classical antisemitic tropes, Holocaust denial and attempts to apply a double standard to the State of Israel.[16] Numerous governmental and other organizations have adopted the IHRA definition. However, the working definition has been criticised by some as too broad, and conflating anti-Zionism with antisemitism.[17] In the United States, the Biden administration launched[18] a comprehensive strategy May 25, 2023 to counter anti-Semitism, including the IHRA working definition in its strategy.

Organization

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The IHRA chairmanship rotates annually among member countries. The chair hosts the IHRA Plenary meetings up to twice a year in their country. Each country organizes and pays for the meetings taking place in the year of its chairmanship. The chair was held by Italy in 2018,[19] Luxembourg in 2019, Germany in 2020 and Greece in 2021.

The IHRA Permanent Office (PO) was established on 11 March 2008 in Berlin, Germany. The Executive Secretary of the IHRA is Kathrin Meyer who runs the PO.[20]

Working groups

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Academic Working Group (AWG)

The Academic Working Group[21] (AWG) is concerned with promoting Holocaust research, increasing accessibility to, and organizing research into, archives, and encouraging international cooperation on research and scholarship. The AWG was instrumental in opening the International Tracing Service archives in Bad Arolson, which contains some 70 million pages of documents relating to the fate of over 17 million victims of World War II.[22][23][24]

Memorials and Museums Working Group (MMWG)

The Memorials and Museums Working Group[25] (MMWG) helps mobilize support and expertise for Holocaust memorials and related places of memory, it collects information on memorials and promotes communication and exchange between memorial sites and museums. The MMWG drafted an International Memorial and Museum Charter.[26] The IHRA was also instrumental in campaigning against the destruction of the site of the former Gusen Concentration Camp in Austria, which will now be preserved as a memorial.[27]

International partnerships

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Currently the organization has seven permanent international partner organizations, which hold the status of observers within the IHRA: United Nations, UNESCO, OSCE/ODIHR, International Tracing Service (ITS), European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), Council of Europe, and the Claims Conference.

The IHRA formalized its relations with the Council of Europe[28] and with the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights[29] in 2010.

Membership

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Member countries

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IHRA Member countries
18 November 2022
Member country Year joined
  Argentina 2002
  Australia[30] 2019
  Austria 2001
  Belgium 2005
  Bulgaria 2018
  Canada 2009
  Croatia 2005
  Czech Republic 2002
  Denmark 2004
  Estonia 2007
  Finland 2010
  France 1999
  Germany 1998
  Greece 2005
  Hungary 2002
  Ireland 2011
  Israel 1998
  Italy 1999
  Kosovo[31] 2023
  Latvia 2004
  Lithuania 2002
  Luxembourg 2003
  Netherlands 1999
  North Macedonia 2021
  Norway 2003
  Poland 1999
  Portugal[3] 2019
  Romania 2004
  Serbia 2011
  Slovakia 2005
  Slovenia 2011
  Spain 2008
  Sweden 1998
   Switzerland 2004
  United Kingdom 1998
  United States 1998

The government of any UN member country may apply for IHRA membership. Subject to approval by the Plenary, the applicant will initially be accepted as an Observer country, and may participate as such in the Working Groups and the Plenary. The candidate country should establish a Holocaust Memorial Day (on January 27, or another date chosen by the applicant country). The government should also demonstrate a clear public policy commitment to Holocaust education at a senior political level, and must satisfy the IHRA that its archives dealing with the Holocaust period (1933-1950) are open for research and that there is or will be academic, educational, and public examination of the country's historical past during the Holocaust period.[32]

Observer and liaison countries

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Countries that apply for membership of IHRA are initially accepted as Observers, subject to approval by the Plenary, and participate as such in the Working Groups and the Plenary.

Observer and liaison countries[33]
Status
  Albania Observer
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Observer
  Brazil Observer
  Cyprus Observer
  El Salvador Observer
  Moldova Observer
  Monaco Observer
  New Zealand Observer[34]
  Turkey[35] Observer
  Uruguay Observer

On 24 June 2022, New Zealand joined IHRA as an observer.[34] While the announcement was welcomed by the New Zealand Jewish Council and the Holocaust Centre of New Zealand as a means of combating racism and anti-Semitism, Palestine Solidarity Network Aotearoa chairman John Minto claimed that adopting the IHRA definition would silence criticism of alleged Israeli human rights abuses against the Palestinians.[36][37]

Controversies

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The Norwegian chairmanship and Knut Hamsun

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The IHRA faced criticism from a number of public and academic Jewish groups and personalities in relation to the Norwegian chairmanship of 2009. The chairmanship coincided with a controversial decision by Norway to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the birth of Knut Hamsun, the Nobel Prize–winning Norwegian author and later Nazi sympathizer. Dr. Manfred Gerstenfeld, Chairman of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, challenged Norway's chairmanship of the IHRA, arguing that "this country is unfit to hold such a position when in the same year it has held major memorial activities for the Nazi-admirer Hamsun."[38]

On 20 July 2009, the Norwegian IHRA Chair published a statement rejecting the accusations against it, and promising to continue the IHRA's efforts to combat antisemitism and promote Holocaust education.[39]

In an article for Israeli newspaper The Jerusalem Post, Yehuda Bauer defended the Norwegian chairmanship. Bauer emphasized Norway's commitment to Holocaust education, while also acknowledging the continuing presence of antisemitism in Norway and elsewhere:

The arguments against Norway would be more credible if the Norwegians did not admit that there is antisemitism in Norway, that they ignored or wanted to bury Hamsun's pro-Nazi stand or that they hampered the IHRA's work in fighting antisemitism in any way. Not only is none of this true, but it was the Norwegian chairman that, before this controversy exploded, insisted on including the fight against antisemitism as a central component in the IHRA's immediate future program − the proposal was accepted by acclamation.[40]

The IHRA and the Holy See

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In 2009, the IHRA suggested that the Vatican enter into a "special arrangement" with the IHRA. The Holy See's Under Secretary of State, Monsignor Pietro Parolin, answered favorably, suggesting that the Vatican become an IHRA observer country. Negotiations began, but several months later, the proposal was dismissed. On 21 December 2010, The Guardian newspaper published a news article based on leaked US diplomatic cables about the failure of negotiations. The article reported that the Holy See had withdrawn from a written agreement to join the IHRA (then ITF).[41] In the leaked cables, it was stated that "the highly-regarded Parolin" had been promoted and replaced by Msgr. Ettore Balestrero.

"Surprising the ITF, Balestrero also invited a representative from the Vatican Archives, Msgr. Chappin, and the Holy See's chief negotiator for the long-delayed Vatican-Israel Fundamental Agreement, Father David Jaeger."[42]

Balestrero, Chappin, and Jaeger who met with the IHRA representatives "evinced considerable discomfort with the idea of ITF (IHRA) observer status". The IHRA representatives—Austrian Ambassador Ferdinand Trauttsmandorff, US Professor Steven Katz of the Elie Wiesel Center at Boston University, and Dina Porat, the academic advisor to the ITF—"expressed considerable disappointment about the unexpected set-back," the cable reported.[42] The cable was critical of the Vatican's new foreign relations team who had been changed since the original agreement to join the IHRA had been made.[43] Julieta Valls Noyes, second in command at the American Embassy to the Holy See, reported in October 2009 that the plans "had fallen apart completely ... due to Vatican back-pedaling".

According to Noyes, this could indicate that the Vatican "may ... be pulling back due to concerns about ITF pressure to declassify records from the WWII-era pontificate of Pope Pius XII".[41] With the exception of two statements made about the commencement of the atrocities in Poland, Pope Pius XII has long been a controversial figure for his failure to publicly denounce the Holocaust.[44]

From 16–17 February 2017 the IHRA, in cooperation with the Holy See, held a conference entitled Refugee Policies from 1933 until Today: Challenges and Responsibilities for public policy-makers from Europe, North America and the Middle East, media representatives and representatives of NGOs and civil society organizations at the Palazzo della Cancelleria in Rome. Speakers from the Holy See included Archbishop Paul Richard Gallagher, Secretary for Relations with States within the Holy See's Secretariat of State, H.E Mgr. Silvano Maria Tomasi, Secretary Delegate of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development, and Dr. Johan Ickx, head of the Historical Archive, Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State.[45]

On 2 March 2020, the Holy See officially opened the Vatican Apostolic Archive covering material from Pius XII's tenure (1939-1958).[46] Commending the change of Vatican policy, the IHRA Chair, Ambassador Georges Santer, said: "Archival access is a key aspect of Holocaust remembrance, and contributes directly to safeguarding the historical record. We all share a responsibility to throw light on the still obscured shadows of the Holocaust and the Second World War, and we very much appreciate the constructive talks we had in the past with Cardinal State Secretary, Pietro Parolin, and Secretary for Relations with States, Archbishop Paul Richard Gallagher.[47]

References

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  1. ^ "The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Stockholm Declaration". Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Portugal Becomes 34th International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance Member". www.algemeiner.com. 5 December 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  4. ^ "Liaison Countries". Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  5. ^ "Observer Countries". Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  6. ^ "Living History Forum". Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  7. ^ "Levande Historia". Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  8. ^ 'Congratulatory remarks by former Swedish Prime Minister Göran Persson',Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research: Ten Year Anniversary Book, 2009, p. 8
  9. ^ "Holocaust Forum Seeks Lessons from History". www.news.bbc.co.uk. 26 January 2000. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  10. ^ "Daniel Libeskind". IHRA. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
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  13. ^ Jens Kroh, Transnationale Erinnerung: Der Holocaust im Fokus geschichtspolitischer Initiativen, Campus: Frankfurt, 2006.
  14. ^ "Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust | IHRA". www.holocaustremembrance.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  15. ^ "European Parliament Resolution". Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  16. ^ "Working Definition of Antisemitism" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
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  18. ^ Launch of U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism, archived from the original on 24 July 2023, retrieved 24 July 2023
  19. ^ "Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland". Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  20. ^ "IHRA Permanent Office". Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  21. ^ "AWG". Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  22. ^ "'Holocaust Task Force Calls for Concrete Steps to open the Holocaust Era Archival Collections of the International Tracing Service in Bad Arolsen, Germany' ITF Italian Delegation Press Release, 15 December 2004" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  23. ^ "Press". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  24. ^ "'A new leaf has been turned over at the Tracing Service', ITS Press Release, April 30, 2008". Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  25. ^ "MMWG". Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  26. ^ "Memorial Museums Charter" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  27. ^ Anshel Pfeffer 'Austrian death camp to be filled with trash' Jewish Chronicle, 3 July 2009
  28. ^ "'Coopération entre le Conseil de l'Europe et l'Holocaust Task Force' Informations D'Autriche, No. 22/08, November 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  29. ^ "OSCE rights office, Holocaust education task force formalize co-operation on combating anti-Semitism - OSCE". osce.org. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  30. ^ "IHRA welcomes Australia as 33rd Member Country". IHRA. 11 June 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  31. ^ "Kosovo adopts IHRA antisemitism definition". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  32. ^ "Membership Criteria for the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance". Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  33. ^ "IHRA Member Countries". holocaustremeberance.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  34. ^ a b "New Zealand becomes an Observer of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 23 June 2022. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  35. ^ "Türkiye | IHRA". www.holocaustremembrance.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  36. ^ "Govt decision to join International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance welcomed". Radio New Zealand. 25 June 2022. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  37. ^ Minto, John (26 June 2022). "NZ joining IHRA a weak, cowardly decision over Israel". Asia Pacific Report. Auckland University of Technology. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  38. ^ Rafael Medoff 'A Tale of two Norwegian Nobel Prize winners for Literature', The Jerusalem Post, June 29, 2009[permanent dead link‍]
  39. ^ "Statement of the ITF Chair". Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  40. ^ "Fighting our friends instead of our enemies". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  41. ^ a b Brown, Andrew (21 December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables: Vatican vetoed Holocaust memorial over Pius XII row". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  42. ^ a b "US embassy cables: Vatican retreats from agreement to join Holocaust education taskforce". The Guardian. 21 December 2010. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  43. ^ "WikiLeaks: Vatican backed out of Holocaust Task Force". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  44. ^ Phayer 2000, p. 41.
  45. ^ "Refugee Policies from 1933 until Today: Challenges and Responsibilities". Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  46. ^ Machemer, Theresa. "Newly Unsealed Vatican Archives Lay Out Evidence of Pope Pius XII's Knowledge of the Holocaust". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  47. ^ "IHRA Chair commends Holy See on opening of Pope Pius XII Archives". IHRA. 2 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2021.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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