 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Scottish Gaelic on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Scottish Gaelic in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Scottish Gaelic pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Scottish Gaelic phonology and Scottish Gaelic orthography for a more thorough look at the sounds of Scottish Gaelic.
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Varying IPA conventions
editMaterials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. Most systems vary from pure IPA, particularly those used in Celtic Studies. The following table lists some of the variations commonly encountered. If an IPA symbol is not in the table below, the source uses the same symbol as above.
| Borgstrøm (1937)[6] (Barra) |
Borgstrøm (1940)[7] (Outer Hebrides) |
Oftedal (1956)[8] (Lewis) |
Ó Murchú (1989)[9] (East Perthshire) |
Cox (2002)[10] (Lewis) |
Ó Maolalaigh (2008)[11] (over-regional) |
Black (2006)[12] (over-regional) |
Klevenhaus (2009)[13] Bauer (2011)[14] (both over-regional) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ç | ç | ç′ | ç | x′ | ç | ç | ç | ç |
| ʝ | j | j′ | ǰ | ɣ′ | ʝ | j | j | ʝ |
| k | g̊, k | g̬, k | g | ɡ | g | g | g,[15] k[16] | g |
| kʲ | g̊′, k′ | g̬′, k′ | ǵ | ɡ′ | g̭' | gʲ | gʲ,[15] kʲ[16] | gʲ |
| kʰ | kʽ | kʽ | k | k | k | k | k | k |
| kʲʰ | k′ʽ | k′ʽ | ḱ | k′ | k′ | kʲ | kʲ | kʲ |
| l̪ˠ | L | L | L | ɬ | L | ɫ̪ | L | L |
| ʎ | L′ | L′ | L′ | — | L′ | ʎ | Lʲ | Lʲ |
| l | l′ | l′ | l | l | l | l | l | l |
| n̪ˠ | N | N | N | — | N | ᵰ̪ | N | N |
| ɲ | N′ | N′ | N′ | — | N′ | ɲ | Nʲ | Nʲ |
| p | b̥, p | b̬, p | b | b | b | b | b,[15] p[16] | b |
| pʰ | pʽ | pʽ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
| rˠ | R | R, Ṛ | R | — | R | ᵲ | R | R |
| ɾ | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r |
| ɾʲ | r′ | r′, ð′ | ð | — | ð | rʲ | rʲ | rʲ |
| s̪ | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | š | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ |
| t̪ | d̥, t | d̬, t | d | d | d | d̪ | d,[15] t[16] | d |
| tʲ | d̥′ž, d̥′, t′ | d̬′ž, d̬′, t′ | d′ | ǰ | d′ | dʲ | dʲ,[15] tʲ[16] | dʲ |
| t̪ʰ | tʽ | tʽ | t | t | t | t̪ | t | t |
| tʲʰ | tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ | tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ | t′ | č | t′ | tʲ | tʲ | tʲ |
| ɯ | ʎ | ʎ | ɯ | ɯ | ɯ | ɯ | ʎ | ɯ |
| ɤ | ø | ø | ə | ɤ | ɤ | ɤ | ə | ɤ |
| ɛ | ɛ, æ | ɛ, æ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ |
| a | a | a | a | ɑ | a | a | a | a |
Notes
edit- ^ Scottish Gaelic contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ˠ⟩, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American and in all positions in Scottish English. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ⟨y⟩ sound in yes. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, while slender ones are surrounded by ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
- ^ a b c d e f Neither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide /j/.
- ^ a b c d e In initial position, the aspirated stops /kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ/ are postaspirated [kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ]. In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they are preaspirated [xk, çkʲ, hp, ht̪, htʲ].
- ^ a b [ə] and [ɪ] are never long and they only ever occur in unstressed position, the latter before a slender consonant.
- ^ These dialects include Southern England (including Received Pronunciation), English Midlands, Australian, New Zealand, the Southern American, Midland American, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Western Pennsylvania and younger Californian English. Other dialects of English, such as most other forms of American, Northern England, Welsh, Scottish and Irish English, have no close equivalent vowel.
- ^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar (1937). "The Dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides". Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. 8: 71–242.
- ^ Borgstrøm, Carl Hjalmar (1940). The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 1 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 1). Oslo: Aschehoug.
- ^ Oftedal, Magne (1956). The Gaelic of Leurbost. A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland, vol. 3 (Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap suppl. vol. 4). Oslo: Aschehoug.
- ^ Ó Murchú, Máirtín (1989). East Perthshire Gaelic. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-93-6.
- ^ Cox, Richard A. V. (2002). The Gaelic Place-names of Carloway, Isle of Lewis. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 1-85500-192-6.
- ^ Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard (2008). Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-643-4.
- ^ Black, Ronald (2006). Cothrom Ionnsachaidh. Edinburgh. ISBN 0906981336.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Klevenhaus, Michael (2009). Lehrbuch der schottisch-gälischen Sprache. Hamburg: Buske. ISBN 978-3-87548-520-2.
- ^ Bauer, Michael (2011). Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz. ISBN 978-1907165009.
- ^ a b c d e Word-initial.
- ^ a b c d e Medial or final.