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Statistics Explained

Data extracted in October 2024.

Planned article update: 28 April 2025.

Electricity price statistics

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Data extracted in October 2024.

Planned article update: 28 April 2025.

Highlights

Household electricity prices increased in 10 and decreased in 15 EU countries in the first half of 2024, compared with the first half of 2023.
In the first half of 2024, compared with the first half of 2023, household electricity prices in the EU showed the sharpest increase in Ireland (37%). The largest decrease was observed in the Netherlands (-29%).
In the first half of 2024, Luxembourg, Austria and the Netherlands gave the most allowances to household consumers.
In the first half of 2024, electricity prices for non-household consumers in the EU dropped (-13%) compared with the same semester of the previous year and (-7%) compared with the second semester of 2023.
Non-household electricity prices in the EU were highest in Ireland (€0.256 per KWh) and lowest in Finland (€0.0939 per KWh) in the first half of 2024.
Line chart with two lines, showing the development of electricity prices for household consumers in the EU from the first half of 2008 to the first half of 2024. The lines show the following two different prices: prices including taxes and prices excluding taxes
Development of electricity prices for household consumers, 2008-2024
(€ per KWh)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_204)

This article highlights the development of electricity prices both for household and non-household consumers within the European Union (EU). When available, it also includes price data from Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Albania, Serbia, Türkiye, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo*, Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine.

The price of energy in the EU depends on a range of different supply and demand conditions, including the geopolitical situation, the national energy mix, import diversification, network costs, environmental protection costs, severe weather conditions, or levels of excise and taxation. Note that the prices presented in this article include taxes, levies and VAT for household consumers, but exclude refundable taxes and levies for non-household consumers.
*This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.


Electricity prices for household consumers

Highest electricity prices in Germany and Ireland

For household consumers in the EU (defined for the purpose of this article as medium-sized consumers with an annual consumption between 2 500 Kilowatt hours (KWh) and 5 000 KWh), electricity prices in the first half of 2024 were highest in Germany (€0.3951 per KWh), Ireland (€0.3736 per KWh), Denmark (€0.37078 per KWh) and Czechia (€0.3381 per KWh) - see Figure 1. The lowest prices were observed in Hungary (€0.1094 per KWh), Bulgaria (€0.1187 per KWh) and Malta (€0.1256 per KWh). For German household consumers, the per KWh cost was 37% above the EU average price, whereas households in Hungary, Bulgaria and Malta paid less than half the price than the EU average.

The EU average price in the first half of 2024 — a weighted average using the most recent (2022) consumption data for electricity by household consumers — was €0.2889 per KWh.

Vertical stacked bar chart on the electricity prices for household consumers in the first half 2024 in the EU, the euro area, EU Countries and some of the EFTA countries, candidate countries, potential candidates and other countries. Each bar shows the three components of the price, which are the price without taxes, the VAT, and other taxes.
Figure 1: Electricity prices for household consumers, first half 2024
(€ per KWh)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_204)


Figure 2 depicts the development of electricity prices for household consumers, in the EU, since the first half of 2008. The price without taxes, i.e. the energy, supply and network, was relatively stable between 2016 and 2020. After a sharp increase during both semesters of 2022 (peaking at €0.2401 per KWh in the second half of 2022), the price excluding taxes experienced a slight decline in the first half of 2023 (€0.2393 per KWh) and a subsequent drop in the second half of 2023 (€0.2226 per KWh). In the first half of 2024, it continued to decrease, though more subtly, figuring at €0.2187 per KWh.
Electricity price including taxes for household consumers consistently increased after 2021, except for a drop in the second half of 2023. In the first half of 2024, the price saw a modest 2% rise, compared with the second half of 2023, reaching €0.2889 per KWh. This was 1.6% lower than the price in the same semester the previous year (€0.2937 per KWh), which had marked the highest recorded level.
The percentage of taxes in the total price increased by almost 10 percentage points (pp) from 31.2% in the first half of 2008 to 41.0% in the second half of 2019. After this point, it substantially decreased until the second half of 2022 (15.5%), when taxes were the lowest in the entire period for which data are available. Moderate and stable tax increases were recorded in both semesters of 2023 and in the first semester of 2024 (24.3%). These figures reflect the impact of the governmental measures to mitigate EU household electricity costs in 2022 and the gradual reduction of those measures in 2023 and the first half of 2024. This reduction of consumer relief measures, reflected in Figure 2 as gradual increase of taxes, is the reason for the contrasting trends observed in the first half of 2024. During this period, the price excluding taxes declined, while the price including taxes raised.

Line chart with two lines and a bar graph, showing the development of electricity prices for household consumers in the EU from the first half of 2008 to the first half of 2024. The lines show the following two different prices: prices including taxes and prices excluding taxes. The vertical bars represent taxes bars show the total taxes and levies.
Figure 2: Development of electricity prices for household consumers, 2008-2024
(€ per KWh)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_204)

Weight of taxes and levies differs greatly between EU countries

Figure 3 shows the proportion of taxes and levies in the overall electricity retail price for household consumers. In the EU, the share of taxes in the first half of 2024 was the least in Luxembourg, where the values were in fact negative (-49%). Negative taxes, reflecting the subsidies and allowances, were also observed in Ireland, Austria, the Netherlands and Latvia. The relative share of taxes was highest in Poland, making up 49.6% of the total price. The average share of total taxes and levies at EU level in the first half of 2024 was 24.3%, an increase of 5.1 pp when compared with the first half of 2023, and an increase of 2.5 pp when compared with the second half 2023, mostly driven by reduction of subsidies and allowances. The VAT in the EU represented 14.5% of the total price. It ranged from 4.8% in Malta to 21.3% in Hungary.

Vertical stacked bar chart on the share of taxes and levies paid by household consumers for electricity in the first half 2024 in the EU, the euro area, EU countries and some of the EFTA countries, candidate countries, potential candidates and other countries. Each bar shows the share of VAT and the share of other taxes and levies.
Figure 3: Share of taxes and levies paid by household consumers for electricity, first half 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_204)

Largest increase in electricity prices in Ireland, France and Portugal

Figure 4 shows the percentage change in electricity prices for household consumers including all taxes and VAT between the first half of 2024 and the first half of 2023. For comparison purposes the national currencies were used. For energy prices, comparing year on year instead of semester on semester is most meaningful to avoid seasonal effects. However, these seasonal effects are less prominent in the recent semesters. Year on year, the total prices increased in 10 of the EU countries, while they decreased in 15 EU countries and remained almost unchanged in 2 EU countries. The largest increase was observed in Ireland (36.6%), followed by France (20.7%) and Portugal (17.1%). Energy and supply costs, as well as the reduction of subsidies and allowances drove the increase. The Netherlands (-29.0%), Belgium (-22.9%) and Lithuania (-17.9%) were the 3 EU countries to record the largest decreases.

Horizontal bar chart on the percentage change in electricity prices for household consumers in the first half of 2024 compared with previous year's same semester in the EU, EU countries and some of the EFTA countries, candidate countries, potential candidates and other countries.
Figure 4: Change in electricity prices for household consumers compared with previous year's same semester, first half 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_204)


Electricity prices in purchasing power standard

In Map 1, electricity prices for household consumers in the first half of 2024 are shown in purchasing power standard (PPS), grouping the available countries in 6 categories, with electricity price categories ranging from above 37 PPS per 100 KWh to below 16.5 PPS per 100 KWh. Electricity prices based on PPS were highest in Czechia (42.2) and Cyprus (36.1). The lowest electricity prices based on the purchasing power standard were observed in Malta (14) and Luxembourg (15.3).

Map on electricity prices in purchasing power standard for household consumers in the first half of 2024 in the EU countries and some EFTA countries, candidate countries and potential candidates. Each available country is grouped to one of six categories ranging from above 37 PPS per 100 KWh to below 16.5 PPS per 100 KWh.
Map 1: Electricity prices for household consumers, second half 2023
(PPS per 100 KWh)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_204)


Share of transmission and distribution costs for household electricity consumers

Figure 5 presents the share of transmission and distribution costs for household electricity consumers. Transmission and distribution costs are only reported once a year, at the end of the second semester. Distribution costs account for the largest share by far, when compared with the transmission costs. This is normal for all types of networks including the electricity system.

Transmission network is used for transmitting bulk amounts of energy over long distances. The distribution network is usually the part of the system where the consumers are connected. The distribution network is denser than the transmission network, therefore, its share in the costs is expected to be higher.

Countries with lower population density require a more extensive transmission network to meet their needs. Its costs are higher when compared with the countries with higher population density. Smaller, densely populated countries use mostly their own distribution network.

The latest available data for transmission and distribution costs are 2023, in which, Luxembourg (100.0%), Slovakia (95.5%) and France (91.4%) had the highest shares of distribution costs. On the other hand, Hungary (40.5%), Ireland (36%) and Estonia (33%) had the highest shares of transmission costs.

100% vertical stacked bar chart on the share of transmission and distribution costs paid by household consumers for electricity in 2023 in the EU countries and some EFTA countries, candidate countries, potential candidates and other countries. Each bar shows the share of transmission costs and the share of distribution costs.
Figure 5: Share of transmission and distribution costs paid by household consumers for electricity, 2023
(%)
Source: non-published Eurostat data


Electricity prices for non-household consumers

Electricity prices highest in Ireland and Cyprus

Non-household consumers are defined for the purpose of this article as medium-sized consumers with an annual consumption between 500 MWh (Mega Watt hours) and 2 000 MWh. As depicted in Figure 6, electricity prices in the first half of 2024 were highest in Ireland (€0.2560 per KWh) and Cyprus (€0.2453 per KWh). The lowest prices were observed in Finland (€0.0928 per KWh) and Sweden (€0.0942 per KWh). The EU average price in the first half of 2024 was €0.1867 per KWh. The aggregates are weighted averages taking into consideration the average consumption in each band.

Vertical stacked bar chart on the electricity prices for non-household consumers in the first half 2024 in the EU, the euro area, EU countries and some EFTA countries, candidate countries, potential candidates and other countries. Each bar shows the two components of the price, which are the price without taxes, and the non-recoverable taxes.
Figure 6: Electricity prices for non-household consumers, first half 2024
(€ per KWh)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_205)


Figure 7 shows the development of electricity prices for non-household consumers in the EU since the first half of 2008. The price without taxes, i.e. the energy, supply and network, underwent minor fluctuations until 2021. After this point in time, during the second half of 2021 and even more so, throughout both halves of 2022, the price registered significant increases, peaking at €0.1986 per KWh in the second half of 2022. Subsequently, in both halves of 2023 (€0.1936 per KWh in the first half and €0.1771 per KWh in the second) as well as the first half of 2024 (€0.1558 per KWh), the price recorded declines.

The proportion of the taxes increased by 21.0 pp, from 13.8% in the first half of 2008 to 34.8% in the first half of 2020, and decreased afterwards. In the second half 2023, the share of taxes was 11.8%, and in the first half of 2024 it was 16.6%, showing an increase, after the lowest point of 5.6% recorded in the second half of 2022. This fluctuation of the taxes (also shown in shown in Figure 7, in absolute values), reflect measures implemented to alleviate electricity costs for non-household consumers, during 2022 and the gradual phasing out of these measures during 2023 and the first half of 2024.

Looking at the non-household total price, i.e. including non-recoverable taxes, the increase persisted for an additional semester compared with the price excluding taxes and peaked at €0.2151 per KWh in the first half of 2023. In the second half of 2023, the price declined (€0.2008 per KWh), followed by a further drop in the first half of 2024 (€0.1867 per KWh).

Line chart with two lines showing the development of electricity prices for non-household consumers in the EU from the first half of 2008 to the first half of 2024. The lines show the following two different prices: prices including taxes and prices excluding taxes. The vertical bars represent the taxes.
Figure 7: Development of electricity prices for non-household consumers, 2008-2024
(€ per KWh)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_205)


Proportion of non-recoverable taxes and levies in electricity prices

Figure 8 presents the proportion of non-recoverable taxes and levies on the overall electricity price for non-household consumers. In the first half of 2024, the share of taxes was highest in Poland and Italy, where non-recoverable taxes and levies made up 38.8% and 27.5% of the total price, respectively. The share of taxes for the EU in the first half of 2024 stood at 16.6%, showing an increase when compared with the second half 2023 (11.8%), being also in a higher level, compared with the first half of 2023 (10.0%).

Vertical bar chart on the share of taxes and levies paid by non-household consumers for electricity in the first half 2024 in the EU, the euro area, EU countries and some EFTA countries, candidate countries, potential candidates and other countries.
Figure 8: Share of taxes and levies paid by non-household consumers for electricity, first half 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_205)


Development of electricity prices for non-household consumers

Figure 9 shows the change in electricity prices for non-household consumers including all non-recoverable taxes and levies from the first half of 2023 to the first half of 2024. For comparison purposes the national currencies were used. Increases were reported only in Portugal (20.4%), Germany (6.2%) and Lithuania (1.2%), while Latvia and Malta reported negligible price changes. In the rest 22 Member States, electricity prices for non-household consumers recorded decreases. The highest price drops were reported in France (-32.3%) and Slovakia (-29.9%).

Horizontal bar chart on the percentage change in electricity prices for non-household consumers in the first half of 2024 compared with previous year's same semester in the EU, the euro area, EU countries and some EFTA countries, candidate countries, potential candidates and other countries.
Figure 9: Change in electricity prices for non-household consumers compared with previous year's same semester, first half 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_205)


Source data for tables and graphs

Data sources

Defining household consumers

Throughout this article, references to household consumers relate to the medium standard household consumption band with an annual electricity consumption between 2 500 KWh and 5 000 KWh. All figures are consumer retail prices and include taxes, levies and VAT. The full datasets for electricity prices for households consumers are available at:

and

Defining non-household consumers

Throughout this article, references to non-household consumers relate to the medium standard non-household consumption band with an annual consumption of electricity between 500 MWh and 2 000 MWh. In this article, prices correspond to the price of electricity production, its supply, the network costs and includes all non-recoverable taxes and levies. The full datasets for electricity prices for non-households consumers are available at:

and

Methodology

Prices in national currencies are converted into euro using the average exchange rate of the period for which the prices were reported.

Prices are always compared with the prices of the same semesters (i.e. year on year) in order to avoid seasonal effects.

In 2016, Regulation (EU) 2016/1952 entered into force. It defines the obligation for the collection and dissemination of electricity prices for household and non-household consumers. Until 2016, the domain of non-household consumers was defined as industrial consumers, but reporting authorities were allowed to include other non-household consumers. Regulation (EU) 2016/1952 changed the definition from industrial to non-household consumers to have a unique methodology for all reporting countries. Until January 2017, the reporting authorities provided their price data for the household sector on a voluntary basis.

Electricity tariffs or price schemes vary from one supplier to another. They may result from negotiated contracts, especially for large non-household consumers. For smaller consumers, they are generally set according to a number of characteristics including the amount of electricity consumed. Most tariffs also include some form of fixed charge. There is, therefore, no single price for electricity. In order to compare prices over time and between EU countries, this article shows information for consumption bands for household consumers and for non-household consumers. Electricity prices for household consumers are divided into 5 annual consumption bands and, for non-household consumers, into 7 different consumption bands.

The prices collected cover average prices over a period of 6 months (a half-year or semester) from January to June (first semester) and from July to December (second semester) of each year. Prices include the basic price of electricity, transmission and distribution charges, meter rental, and other services. Electricity prices for household consumers presented in this article include taxes, levies, non-tax levies, fees and value added tax (VAT) as this generally reflects the total price paid by household consumers. As non-household consumers are usually able to recover VAT and some other taxes, prices for non-household consumers are shown without VAT and other recoverable taxes/levies/fees. The unit for electricity prices is that of euro per kilowatt-hour (€ per KWh).

Allowances in the reference period 2024 Semester 1

  • Belgium
With regard to household consumption of electricity and gas, in Belgium, the lower TVA rate of 6% introduced by the Government in 2023, remained at the same level for S1 2024.
  • Czechia
All price compensations were ended by 31 December 2023. There is no price compensation for the year 2024.
  • Denmark
There are no subsidies affecting the prices in first semester 2024. For previous semesters, there were measures in first semester 2023 the electricity tax (for households) were reduced to the lowest possible, lowering the final prices with about DKK 0.70 (plus VAT) per kWh comparing with the semester before and also after. This affected fully the households with low annual use (DA, DB, DC), while users in DB and DE already payed less taxes per KWh caused by expected use for heating. In 2022 there was a special compensation for high energy/heating prices, paid out as a lump sum. This mainly affected household users of natural gas. The compensation reduced prices with DKK 83 per GJ.
  • Germany
The energy price caps expired at the end of the 2023 calendar year (temporary government measure). In 2023 a qualified price capping system had been applied to all households and to a part of none-household consumers for defined privileged amounts of electricity and natural gas. As of January 2024 the market prices fully returned to the relevant contracted consumer prices again.
Natural gas:
The energy price caps expired at the end of the 2023 calendar year (temporary government measure). In 2023 a qualified price capping system had been applied to all households and to a part of non-households for defined privileged amounts of natural gas. As of January 2024 the market prices fully returned to the relevant contracted consumer prices again. The temporary reduction of the value-added tax (VAT) on the supply of natural gas ended on 31 March 2024. Since then, the VAT rate has returned to 19%. The VAT had been temporarily reduced to 7% in October 2022 as a measure to relieve consumers. The balancing neutrality charge (Bilanzierungsumlage) was set to 0 ct/kWh as of 1 October 2023. The gas storage neutrality charge (Gasspeicherumlage) increased to 0.186 ct/kWh on 1 January 2024, up from 0.145 ct/kWh in 2023. The CO2 levy also rose to 0.816 ct/kWh from 0.544 ct/kWh.
Electricity:
The energy price caps expired at the end of the 2023 calendar year (temporary government measure). In 2023 a qualified price capping system had been applied to all households and to a part of non-households for defined privileged amounts of electricity. As of January 2024 the market prices fully returned to the relevant contracted consumer prices again. The Combined Heat and Power Act Levy (KWKG-Umlage) was reduced to 0.275 ct/kWh as of 1 January 2024, down from 0.357 ct/kWh in 2023. Capacity-related charges have been adjusted upwards: the offshore levy increased to 0.656 ct/kWh from 0.591 ct/kWh in 2023, and the StromNEV levy rose to 0.643 ct/kWh from 0.417 ct/kWh in 2023.
  • Ireland
Electricity:
Ireland Household Prices: Due to the increases in energy prices from 2022, Ireland has introduced measures to alleviate the burden on final consumers. Domestic electricity customers, including pay as you go customers, have so far received €1 250 worth of credits on their electricity cost, spread over their bills as follows: April/May 2022: €200, November/December 2022: €200, January/February 2023: €200, March/April 2023: €200, December 2023: €150, January 2024: €150, March 2024: €150. Customers will also receive 2 credits of €125 between November/December 2024 and January/February 2025. A further measure to tackle rising energy costs has been introduced in the way of a cut in VAT on gas and electricity bills from 13.5% to 9% from 1 May 2022. This VAT reduction has now been extended to April 2025.
Ireland Non-Household Prices: The Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) was introduced in the second half of 2022 to support non-domestic customers with increases in their electricity or natural gas (energy) costs. The scheme was administered by Ireland Revenue and provided a cash payment to qualifying non-domestic customers. As it was not administered by electricity suppliers, TBESS rebates are not accounted for in the prices. The time limit for making a claim for the Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) expired on 30 September 2023.
Gas:
Ireland Household Prices: To tackle rising energy costs, VAT on gas and electricity bills has been cut from 13.5% to 9% from 1 May 2022. This VAT reduction has now been extended to April 2025.
Ireland Non-Household Prices: The Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS)[1] was introduced in the second half of 2022 to support non-domestic customers with increases in their electricity or natural gas (energy) costs. The scheme was administered by Ireland Revenue and provided a cash payment to qualifying non-domestic customers. As it was not administered by electricity suppliers, TBESS rebates are not accounted for in the prices. The time limit for making a claim for the Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) expired on 30 September 2023.
  • Greece
Regarding electricity the measures in force for the reference period are below:
i. For household customers there was a financial allowance, on the electricity bill, for those who used electricity for heating purposes during the period from January up to March. However not all consumers were eligible, as certain conditions had to be met.
ii. A specific category of energy-intensive non household consumers, who meet certain criteria, will receive a compensation. Although it concerns the first semester it will affect the prices of the second as it will be paid retrospectively.
In the case of the consumption of natural gas, there were no support measures during the reference period 2024 S1. During 2022 the following measures were put in force: in the first semester of 2022, all consumers (households and non-households) were entitled of a subsidy for the consumption of natural gas. The use of natural gas for electricity production was exempted from the subsidy. The level of the subsidy was different for the 2 categories of consumers and for each month. During the second semester of 2022 only non-households, with the exemption of electricity production, were entitled of a subsidy for the period July-October 2022. The level of the subsidy differed during this period. For gas, these measures are no longer in force.
  • Croatia
Gas:
- VAT remains at 5%
- Decision on subsidizing part of the end price of gas supply for households, and non-households with an annual gas consumption of up to 10 GWh:
support for households, the amount of support: 0.0199 €/kWh, in the period of 1 January to 31 March 2024. From 1 April 2024, subsidies for households were not accounted for because the purchase price of gas was lower than 0.0277 €/kWh, which is prescribed by the Government Decision as the lowest amount of the purchase price up to which the final price is not subsidized.
support for non-households, annual gas consumption of up to 10 GWh, the amount of support: 0.0199 €/kWh, in the period of 1 January to 31 March 2024.
In March 2024, the Government of the Republic of Croatia adopted Regulation on amendments to the Regulation on eliminating disturbances on the domestic energy market which extended the application of special and temporary measures for gas trade, for the period from 1 April 2024 to 30 September 2024.
Electricity:
In March 2024, the Government of the Republic of Croatia has adopted Regulation on amendments to the Regulation on eliminating disturbances on the domestic energy market which extended the application of special and temporary measures for electricity trade, for the period from 1 April 2024 to 30 September 2024. Regulation prescribes the price cap on electricity producers price, regulated prices for households and non-households, mitigating the rise in electricity prices, limitation of the increase in fees for electricity. Additionally, social benefits for citizens at risk of energy poverty, support for pensioners with low pensions.
  • Spain
The Government of Spain has maintained the measures adopted during 2021 and reinforced them during 2022. The idea is to continue cushioning the impact of electricity prices on final consumers. These measures have focused on the "taxes, fees and charges" component, such as applying reduced rates to both VAT and the Special Electricity Tax, as well applying a new reduction in electricity charges applicable during 2023, comparing them with those of the previous year.
  • Cyprus
The only supportive measure for 2024 S1 in Cyprus both for households and part of commerce is "A percentage subsidy imposed by the Ministry of Finance on specific categories of consumers based on scaled consumption as from September 2022 to October 2024".
  • Latvia
Electricity prices in Latvia (no measures reported for S1 2024): from November 2021, the Electricity Market Law stipulates that protected users (poor or low-income persons, large families or families with disabled children, as well as persons with group I disabilities) have the right to receive additional support for electricity payments to protected users. The support takes the form of partial compensation of the monthly electricity bill from the state budget. From 1 January 2023 to 30 April 2023. all consumers were given 100% discount on MPC (Mandatory Purchase Component). As of 1 May 2023, MPK collection through electricity user bills has been cancelled. In the first half of 2022, state support was applied to non-household final consumers. In the second half of 2022, the state support for distribution tariffs was applied to all consumers. In the first half of 2023, state support for electricity distribution prices was applied to non-household final consumers. From the 2nd half of 2023, state support was applied to electricity distribution prices for households.
Natural gas prices in Latvia (no measures reported for S1 2024): from the first half of 2022 to the first half of 2023, a reduction in the price of natural gas from the state budget was applied to households.
  • Poland
Electricity:
As regards electricity prices in Poland, the support system from 2023 was extended, by the Act, for the first semester of 2024.
Measures for Gas:
For certain groups of eligible customers, the maximum price for gaseous fuel shall apply. This applies mainly households and the majority of public utilities (education, health care, social assistance and many others). The net fuel price (level 1 without energy's supply) for such customers is a maximum of 55.602(7) PLN/GJ. The maximum price of gas fuel for the indicated groups is to be valid until 30 June 2024.
  • Portugal
Support measures – Electricity and natural gas prices in 2024:
1) The reduction of the VAT rate for electricity customers in BTN, with contracted power less than or equal to 3.45 kVA;
2) Application of the intermediate rate of VAT (13%) to electricity consumption (does not include fixed component, fees and taxes) of all contracts with a power not exceeding 6.9 kVA, for monthly periods of 30 days, with the following limits: does not exceed 100 kWh per 30 day period or, when purchased for consumption by large families, 150 kWh per 30-day period;
3) Social tariffs, applied to economically vulnerable electricity customers;
4) Possibility of returning to the regulated tariff in the gas Market (Since 7 September 2022). Applies to consumers in the domestic sector and small businesses with annual consumption of less than 10 000 m3;
5) Possibility of returning to the regulated tariff in the electricity. Applies to consumers in the domestic sector;
6) A discount on the price of natural gas for customers with annual consumption exceeding 10 000 m3, only applies to the energy component (Decree-Law no. 84-D/2022, of 9 December 2022). The discount covers 80% of each consumer's reference period consumption under this support. Furthermore, regardless of whether that 80% level is reached or not, the discount ends as soon as the amount of 1 billion euros is exhausted.
Measures that no longer apply:
1) Reduction in electricity network access tariffs;
2) Iberian mechanism for limiting electricity prices.
  • Romania
According to the national law requirements (Government Emergency Ordinance no. 27/2022 regarding the measures applicable to final customers on the electricity and natural gas market in the period 1 April 2022 to 31 March 2023 with subsequent amendments and additions, still in force during S1 2024), the electricity and gas prices (tariffs/taxes/VAT included - level 3) charged to final clients are capped, therefore, the final invoiced price/kWh (including VAT) for electricity cannot exceed one of the following values: 0.68 lei/kWh, 0.80 lei/kWh or 1.3 lei/kWh (VAT included), depending on type of client (household/nonhousehold) and on consumption level. For natural gas, the capped values of the final invoiced price/kWh (including VAT) are 0.31 lei/kWh - for household clients, respectively 0.37 lei/kWh - for non-household clients. These values are not depending on consumption levels.
  • Finland
Household electricity:
The Finnish government took several measures about energy cost compensations from 1 November 2022 to 30 April 2023. No more measures are taken beyond this period.
Non-household electricity:
Excise duty refunds to energy-intensive companies are paid retroactively upon refund application. These refunds are not included in electricity costs.
These measures below were solely for household customers not non-household customers. Thus these should be removed from the non-household chapter "Allowances in the reference period 2023 Semester 1".
"The Finnish government has taken several measures about energy cost compensations. The time period affected is from 1 November 2022 to 30 April 2023. No more measures are planned beyond this period. Thus, the effect on electricity prices limit on periods S2/2022 and S1/2023. S2/2022 is final. S1/2023 includes the VAT reduction and retroactive electricity bill compensation (1 and 2), but not the compensation reducing taxation (3) or compensation paid as electricity cost support (4). These data is only available after taxation for 2023 is final.
(1) Value added tax of the electricity was reduced from 24% to 10% from 1 December 2022 until 30 April 2023.
(2) Retroactive electricity bill compensation if the VAT-inclusive electricity price in household's electricity contract exceeded 10 cents per kilowatt-hour or if the electricity contract was based on spot prices (so-called market price) in November and December 2022 and/or January 2023. The compensation for electricity costs was 50% of the VAT-inclusive price of the electricity bill. The compensation was not granted to the distribution rate or electricity tax. The compensation couldn't exceed €700 per month. The amount of the compensation was calculated based on the part of your electricity bill that exceeded the threshold of €90/month. The compensation was paid in 2 instalments. The amount of the instalments was calculated in 2 different ways: The amount of the first instalment was calculated based on your electricity bills for November and December. The amount of the second instalment was calculated based on your electricity bill for January 2023 and is multiplied by two. Additional measures took effect from 1 January 2023 until 30 April 2023.
(3) The compensation of the high electricity bills are part of the existing system of tax credit for household expenses. Electricity bill exceeding €2 000 until €6 000 during from 1 January 2022 to 30 April 2022 will be compensated by 60% and reduces the amount of tax the customer has to pay.
(4) If no taxable income the compensation is made in the form of the electricity cost support. The 60% compensation will be paid by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland if the electricity bill will exceed €400 per month but not €1 500 per month from 1 January 2022 to 30 April 2022. Natural gas prices are not compensated by any means."
Natural gas non-households:
Excise duty refunds to energy-intensive companies are paid retroactively upon refund application. These refunds are not included in natural gas costs.
  • Sweden
Following the compensation provided during 2021 and 2022, there have not been support measures in 2023, not in S1 2024 for gas or electricity regarding households. For the non-household consumers it is still work in progress.


Context

The price and reliability of energy supplies, electricity in particular, are key elements in a country's energy supply strategy. Electricity prices are of particular importance for international competitiveness, as electricity usually represents a significant proportion of total energy costs for industrial and service-providing businesses. Contrary to the price of fossil fuels, which are usually traded on global markets with relatively uniform prices, electricity prices vary widely among EU Member States. The price of primary fuels and, more recently, the cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission certificates influence, to some degree, the price of electricity.

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Emergency - preparing, purchasing and protecting the EU together, COM2022(553) final, coordinates solidarity efforts, secures the energy supply, stabilises price levels and support households and companies facing high energy prices.

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, REPowerEU: Joint European Action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy, COM2022(108) final, Commission to propose measures to coordinate solidarity efforts, secure the energy supply, stabilise price levels and support households and companies facing high energy prices.

In 2019, the European Commission presented the Clean energy for all Europeans package. The Commission completed a comprehensive update of its energy policy framework to facilitate the transition away from fossil fuels towards cleaner energy and to deliver on the EU's Paris Agreement commitments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

The Fit for 55 legislative proposals cover a wide range of policy areas including climate, energy, transport and taxation, setting out the ways in which the Commission will reach its updated 2030 target in real terms.

Regulation (EU) No 2016/1952 tackles data weaknesses led to the recommendation to improve the detail, transparency and consistency of energy price data collection. An energy prices and costs report would be prepared every 2 years. The European Commission thus published such a report also in 2016 and 2018.

The Seventh report on the state of the energy union was published on 18 October 2022. The 2022 report is the third report since the adoption of the European Green Deal and the first after the adoption of the REPowerEU plan. It highlights the challenges that the energy sector has faced in the past 12 months and the progress made in addressing both shorter-term issues and Europe's long-term climate goals. In particular, the report takes stock of the EU's energy policy response to the current energy crisis, exacerbated by Russia's war in Ukraine.

Increased transparency for gas and electricity prices should help promote fair competition, by encouraging consumers to choose between different energy sources (oil, coal, natural gas and renewable energy sources) and different suppliers. Energy price transparency is more effective when publishing and broadcasting as widely as possible prices and pricing systems.

Explore further

Other articles

Database
Energy statistics - prices of natural gas and electricity (nrg_price)
Energy statistics - natural gas and electricity prices (from 2007 onwards) (nrg_pc)
Energy statistics - natural gas and electricity prices (until 2007) (nrg_pc_h)

Thematic section

Selected datasets
Energy statistics - main indicators (t_nrg_indic)
Electricity prices by type of user (ten00117)

Methodology

External links

Visualisation
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