Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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