Respiratory system
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The document provides an overview of the respiratory system, including its anatomy and physiology. It discusses the upper and lower respiratory tract, the structures involved like the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and their functions. It explains the mechanics of breathing, gas exchange that occurs in the lungs and tissues, and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body. It also discusses the neural control of respiration and factors that can affect breathing and gas transport.
![• Oxygen transport in the blood
•Inside RBCs attached to Hb (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2])
•A small amount is carried dissolved in the plasma
3. Gas Transport in the Blood
3.1 Oxygen](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/respiratorysystem-200409034258/85/Respiratory-system-40-320.jpg)
Respiratory system
- 1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Dr. Rupali A. Patil Associate Professor, Pharmacology Department GES’s Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharm. Edu. & Res., Nashik
- 2. RESPIRATION The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, lungs, blood, and tissues.
- 3. Functions • Supplies the body with O2 and disposes of CO2 • Filters inspired air • Produces sound • Contains receptors for smell • Rids the body of some excess water and heat • Helps regulate blood pH
- 5. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY • Upper respiratory tract (URT) – Nose & nasal cavity – Pharynx – Larynx – Upper Trachea • Lower respiratory tract (LRT) – Lower trachea – Bronchial tree – Lungs
- 6. Nose ▪ Also called external nares. ▪ Divided into two halves by the nasal septum. ▪ Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed. ▪ Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies. Nose and Nasal Cavities Nasal concha Sphenoid sinus Internal naris Nasopharynx External naris Frontal sinus Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha
- 7. ▪ External nares - opening to exterior ▪ Internal nares - opening to pharynx ▪ Nasal conchae - folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes Functions of Nose ▪ Provides an airway for respiration ▪ Moistens and warms entering air ▪ Filters and cleans inspired air ▪ Resonating chamber for speech ▪ Detects odors in the air stream (olfactory receptors)
- 8. Pharynx ▪ Common space used by both the respiratory & digestive systems. Common pathway for both air & food. ▪ Commonly called the throat. ▪ Originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx & esophagus. ▪ Walls are lined by a mucosa and contain skeletal muscles that are primarily used for swallowing. ▪ Flexible lateral walls are distensible in order to force swallowed food into the esophagus.
- 9. Three Sections of the Pharynx ▪ Nasopharynx ▪ contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids): aid in the body’s immune defense. ▪ Oropharynx ▪ back portion of the mouth that contains the palatine tonsils : aid in the body’s immune defense. ▪ Laryngopharynx ▪ bottom section of the pharynx where the respiratory tract divides into the esophagus and the larynx.
- 10. • Functions of pharynx: – Way for both air & food – Warming, moistening & humidifying air – Protection – Speech – Taste – Hearing
- 11. Larynx (Voice box) ▪ A short, somewhat cylindrical airway ends in the trachea. ▪ Prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract. ▪ Conducts air into the lower respiratory tract. ▪ Produces sounds. ▪ Supported by a framework of nine pieces of cartilage (three individual pieces and three cartilage pairs) that are held in place by ligaments and muscles. Hyoid Bone Epiglottis Thyrohyoid Membrane Cricothyroid Ligament Cricothyroid Muscles Cricothyroid Cartilage Trachea Thyroid Cartilage
- 12. • Functions of larynx: – Way for both air – Warming, filtering & humidifying air – Protection of lower respiratory tract – Speech – Production of sound
- 13. Trachea (windpipe) ▪ A flexible tube. ▪ Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx. ▪ Cartilage rings reinforce and provide rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains open at all times. ▪ At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes, called the right & left primary bronchi. ▪ Each primary bronchus projects laterally toward each lung. Trachea Bronchi Larynx
- 14. • Functions of trachea: – Warming, moistening & humidifying air – Cough reflex – Support – Mucociliary escalator – Prevention of kinking & obstruction of the airway
- 15. Lungs ▪ Conical shape. ▪ Wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm. ▪ Its superior region called the apex projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle. ▪ Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic wall anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, & supported by the rib cage. ▪ Toward the midline, the lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. ▪ The relatively broad, rounded surface in contact with the thoracic wall is called the costal surface of the lung.
- 16. Left lung – divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissure – smaller than the right lung – cardiac notch accommodates the heart Right lung – divided into 3 lobes by oblique and horizontal fissure – located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side
- 17. Covering of the lungs: Pleura ▪ The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a serous membrane called pleura. ▪ Each lung is tightly covered by deep layer, visceral (pulmonary) pleura. ▪ Superfacial layer, Parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity (Internal thoracic walls, lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm). ▪ The parietal and visceral pleural layers are continuous at the hilus of each lung.
- 18. The Lungs and Pleural Coverings
- 19. • Pleural Cavities • The potential space between the serous membrane layers is a pleural cavity. • The pleural membranes produce a thin, serous pleural fluid that circulates in the pleural cavity and acts as a lubricant, ensuring minimal friction during breathing. ▪ Pleural effusion – pleuritis with too much fluid
- 20. Trachea and Bronchial Tree
- 21. Tracheal Anatomy
- 22. Tracheal Anatomy
- 23. Respiratory Tree Divisions • Primary bronchi • Secondary bronchi • Tertiary bronchi • Bronchioles • Terminal bronchioles • Alveolar ducts & alveoli
- 24. Bronchial Tree
- 27. Conducting Zones
- 28. • Formed by division of the trachea • Enters the lung at the hilus (medial depression) • Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left • Bronchi subdivide into smaller & smaller branches Primary Bronchi
- 30. Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane
- 31. Vocal Folds and Ligaments
- 33. • Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and out of the lungs • External respiration – gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli • Respiratory gas transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream • Internal respiration – gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries Events of Respiration
- 34. Respiration • Pulmonary ventilation = “breathing” • External respiration = occurs within the lungs • Transport of respiratory gases = via the blood • Internal respiration = occurs within the tissues
- 35. • Completely mechanical process • Depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity • Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure 1. Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) • Two phases a. Inhalation (inspiration): draws gases into the lungs. b. Exhalation (expiration): forces gases out of the lungs.
- 36. • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract • The size of the thoracic cavity increases • External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume a. Inhalation
- 37. a. Inhalation ▪ During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and the rib cage rises up. ▪ This expands the volume of the chest cavity. ▪ The chest cavity is sealed, so this creates a partial vacuum inside the cavity. ▪ Atmospheric pressure fills the lungs as air rushes into the breathing passages.
- 38. b. Exhalation ▪ Often exhaling is a passive event. ▪ When the rib cage lowers and the diaphragm relaxes, pressure in the chest cavity is greater than atmospheric pressure. ▪ Air is pushed out of the lungs. Exhalation Rib cage lowers Air Exhaled
- 39. • Carbon dioxide movement out of the blood •Blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of CO2 than air in the alveoli •Pulmonary capillary blood gives up CO2 • Blood leaving the lungs is O2 -rich and CO2-poor 2. External Respiration
- 40. • Oxygen transport in the blood •Inside RBCs attached to Hb (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2]) •A small amount is carried dissolved in the plasma 3. Gas Transport in the Blood 3.1 Oxygen
- 41. • CO2 transport in the blood •Most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3 –) •A small amount is carried inside RBCs on Hb, but at different binding sites than those of O2 3.2 Carbon dioxide
- 42. • Exchange of gases between blood and body cells • An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs •Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood •Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue 4. Internal Respiration
- 44. A Summary of External Respiration, Gas Transport, & Internal Respiration
- 45. Pressures • Atmospheric pressure • Alveolar pressure (intrapulmonary pressure) • Intrapleural pressure • Boyle’s Law – More volume=less pressure – Less volume=more pressure
- 46. Thoracic Volume and Inspiration
- 47. Thoracic Volume and Expiration
- 48. Changes in Thoracic Volumes
- 49. Factors Influencing Pulmonary Ventilation • Airway Resistance • Surface Tension • Lung Compliance
- 50. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
- 54. Regulation of Respiration • Medullary respiratory center – Dorsal respiratory center (DRC) – Ventral respiratory center (VRC) • Pontine center formerly called the Pneumotaxic center • Hypothalamus
- 55. • Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the phrenic and intercostal nerves • Neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the medulla • The pons appears to smooth out respiratory rate • Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is 12–15 respirations per minute • Hypernia is increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs Neural Regulation of Respiration
- 57. Gas Transport
- 58. Basic Properties of Gases Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
- 59. Partial Pressure and Gas Exchange
- 60. At the Lungs
- 61. At the Tissues
- 62. Factors Influencing Gas Transport and Hemoglobin Saturation
- 63. Factors Influencing Gas Transport and Hemoglobin Saturation
- 64. Factors Affecting Breathing Rate and Depth
- 65. Homeostatic Imbalances of the Respiratory System • Sinusitis • Laryngitis • Pleurisy • Dyspnea • Pneumonia • Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) • Emphysema • Chronic bronchitis • Asthma • Tuberculosis • Cystic fibrosis • Pulmonary embolism • Sleep apnea • Hypoxia
- 66. ?
- 67. Thank You