Introduction to public Healthgdgwuyguyw.ppt
- 1. Introduction to Public Health
- 2. Some Understanding on Health • Health and education - cornerstones of human capital, which is the basis of the economic productivity and well-being of individuals and society • Good population health is a critical input into poverty reduction, economic growth, and long-term economic development • “Health is Wealth”
- 3. Human Development Report 2001 • 62% of the population in developing countries are in nations that are “lagging, far behind, or slipping” in meeting the infant and child mortality goals. • The same is true for 48% of the developing world population regarding maternal mortality goals
- 4. H E A L T H Individual dimension Societal dimension Global dimension
- 5. Health: Are the Facts Interesting? • The word “health” is not in the U.S. Constitution • Over 25% of all articles in daily news papers are related to health • 5% of deaths in UK are preventable through good medical care (Jacobson B, Smith A and Whitehead M, 1991)
- 6. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948 What WHO Says about Health?
- 7. Health Models • Medical health model • Public health model • Holistic health model
- 9. Medical Health Model • Diagnosis and treatment • Primarily diagnose and treats disease or disorders in an individual • Secondarily seeks to prevent disease or complication of diseases in a person
- 11. Public Health Model • Preventive and control • Health promotion • Determining and managing the health status of population or community • Promote well-being, prevents disease, injury, disability, and identifies and controls outbreaks
- 13. Holistic Health Model • Comprised of all factors: focused on preventive and inclusive • Values • Morals • Practices
- 14. What is Public Health • Public Health is the process of mobilizing and engaging local, state, national and international resources to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy (Roger and Lester, 2005) • Meaning Between the words: – Scientific Knowledge – Social Action • Many things that the public does will affects the public's health, hence the central issue will be the mysterious relationship between universal goal, the health of public and public health- as profession, science and components of public administration ( Rosen 1958, Fee 1993, Porter 1999)
- 15. History • Fatal epidemic ( unidentified plague) in Europe and people’s involvement in 430 BC. • In 1854 John Snow and his work in Cholera had taken as pioneer work in public health • In 1890 John Simon the pioneer of English state medicine , surveyed progress in public health on English sanitary situation • 1880-1970 golden age of public health. • Sanitary conference in 1851 by 12 European Countries in Paris, 11 also held in Paris in 1903. • Colonial public health: exploitation of natural resources. • After War II, international agencies including WHO had started work on health systems development.
- 16. 1798 1798 Small Pox Small Pox 1936 1936 Influenza Influenza 1885 1885 Rabies Rabies 1936 1936 Ricketsia Ricketsia 1896 1896 Typhoid Typhoid 1955 1955 IPV IPV 1896 1896 Cholera Cholera 1962 1962 OPV OPV 1897 1897 Plague Plague 1964 1964 Measles Measles 1923 1923 Diphtheria Diphtheria 1967 1967 Mumps Mumps 1927 1927 Tetanus Tetanus 1970 1970 Rubella Rubella 1926 1926 Pertusis Pertusis 1981 HepB 1981 HepB 1927 1927 BCG BCG 1935 1935 Y Fever Y Fever Important Achievements in Public Health
- 17. Public Health For 1. Health Problems • Communicable diseases (CD) • Non communicable diseases (NCD) • Trauma • Mental disorder 2. Defining Determinants of Health • Nutrition • Environmental and Occupational hazards • Lifestyle • Population • Income • Social and cultural practices • Technology • Globalization • Special population refugee, displace, homosexual
- 18. Public Health For 3. Scientific Approaches (connected with) • Epedemiological strategies • Biostatistics • Biological and physical sciences • Behavioral and social sciences • Demography 4. Program development • Goal setting • Prevention of disease and promotion of health • Medical care • Influencing behavior • Environmental control • Rehabilitation and reintegration • Health system development
- 19. History of Health Systems in Nepal • Long history of Faith healing and Ayurvedic • Bir hospital was established in 1890 AD • Department of health services established in 1933 • Vertical program started in 1950s • Integrated program established in 1978 • In 1987 DHS abolished and RHD started • 1993 DHS reintroduced
- 20. Millennium Summit 2000 Overall focus on poverty reduction in general and on several health goals In particular
- 21. Millennium Development Goals Health targets include: - the reduction in child mortality by two-thirds of the 1990 level by 2015 - the reduction in maternal mortality ratios by three-fourths of the 1990 level by 2015 - the end of rising HIV/AIDS and other major disease prevalence no later than 2015
- 22. The Chicken-and-Egg Question DEVELOPMENT HEALTH • Development does not automatically create health (can even have negative impact) • Ill health produces poverty and vice versa
- 23. Dr. G. H. Brundtland (in an interview): Former Director WHO “People cannot move out of poverty when they are unhealthy. I needed to move the global health agenda much more closely to the development debate, on to the tables of prime ministers and development and finance ministers, not just health ministers”
- 24. Essential Intervention in Nepal To be based on 4 priorities of EHCS: • Reproductive Health • Child Health • Communicable Diseases (TB, Leprosy, polio, HIV/AIDS, Vector-borne Diseases) • Out-patient services (which also include other infectious diseases)
- 25. Criteria for Choosing Essential Interventions 1. They should be technically efficacious and can be delivered successfully 2. The targeted diseases should impose a heavy burden on society 3. Social benefits should exceed the costs of interventions 4. The needs of the poor should be stressed
- 26. Formulation of Formulation of Policy, Strategy, Policy, Strategy, and Structure and Structure Public Public Health Health Health Health Determinants Determinants Resourcing Public Health Resourcing Public Health Identify Issues /Problem Identify Issues /Problem Prioritize the Issues/Problem Implementation Public Health Programming
- 27. Priority in Public Health There is no excuse in today’s world for millions of people to suffer and die each year for lack of US$ 34 per person to cover essential health services
- 28. Thank You