Head injury ppt

HEAD INJURY

MANALI H. SOLANKI
F.Y. M.SC. NURSING
J G COLLEGE OF
NURSING

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HEAD:

CLASSIFICATION
 SCALP INJURY:
The scalp has many blood vessels, so any scalp injury
may bleed profusely. Control bleeding with direct
pressure
 SKULL INJURY:
Skull injury includes fracture to cranium and the
face. If severe enough there can be injury to the
brain.

 BRAIN INJURY:
Brain injury can be classified as direct or indirect.
Direct injuries to the brain can occur in open head
injuries

CONCUSION
 Concussions result from direct blows to the
head, gunshot wounds, violent shaking of the
head, or through a whiplash type of injury.

CONTUSION

 A contusionis a bleeding bruise to the brain
caused by a direct impact to the head.

RISK FACTORS:

 Colour blindness
 Alcohol addiction
 Youngsters
 Vertigo
 Males (about 1.5 times as likely as females to sustain
a brain injury)
 Young children or teenagers (especially infants to 4-
year-olds and 15–19-year-olds)
 Certain military personnel (for example,
paratroopers)
 African Americans (who have the highest death rate
from brain injury)

ETIOLOGY:

 Common causes of head injury include
traffic accidents, falls, physical assault,
and accidents at home, work, outdoors,
or while playing sports.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:

 Dilatedpupils
 Changes in behaviour, such as irritability or
confusion
 Trouble walking or speaking

 Drainage of bloody or clear fluids from ears or
nose
 Vomiting

 Seizures

 Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs

DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS:

Complete blood count (e.g. Hb, RBC, WBC)
Normal values:
 Hb: in male 13-18gm/dl

 Platelet: 1, 50,000-4, 50,000/cu mm

 WBC: 4,000-10,000 /cu mm

 S. NA+:135-145mEq/l

 S.k+:3.5-4.5mEq/l

Arterial blood gas level
 PaO2:85-95 mm of Hg

 PaCO2:35-45 mm of Hg

Brain Scans

Electroencephalography (EEG)

 Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV)

Electronystagmography (ENG)

Ultrasound Imaging

COMPLICATIONS:

 Coma

 Chronic headaches
 Loss of or change in sensation, hearing,
vision, taste, or smell
 Paralysis

 Seizures

 Speech and language problems

 Death

INITIAL MANAGEMENT

 A: Airway control including cervical
spine immobilisation with a stiff collar.
 B: Breathing
 C: Circulation
 D: Dysfunction or Disability
 E: External Examination

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT:

 CLOSED HEAD INJURY:

 OPEN HEAD INJURY:

 DEPRESSED SKULL FRACTURE:

NURSING MANAGEMENT:

 Ineffective Cerebral tissue perfusion related
to increased ICP and decreased CPP
 Fluid volume deficit related to decrease LOC
and hormonal dysfunction.
 Risk for injury related to decreased level of
consciousness.
 Knowledge deficit regarding the treatment
modalities and current situation.

 Ineffective thermoregulation related to
damage to hypothalamic centres.
 Risk for Impaired skin integrity related to
compromised circulation shifting of fluid
from intra vascular to interstitial space.
 Anxiety related to outcome of diseases as
evidenced by poor concentration on work,
isolation from others, rude behaviour

DIET PLAN
 Amino Acids
 Protein is used for the growth, repair and
maintenance of nearly every tissue in the
body and is composed of amino acids.
 Those with traumatic brain injuries require
0.55 to 0.73 grams of protein per pound of
body weight

Other Foods

A person living with a brain injury should
consume a rounded diet that is rich in fruits,
vegetables and whole grains. Avoid saturated fat,
hydrogenated fats and sodium because they may
increase your risk of suffering a stroke.

CALORIE REQUIREMENTS

 The Glasgow Coma Scale is a tool used by
medical professionals to measure someone's
level of consciousness.
 Someone with a GCS of 4 to 5 needs 22.7 to
27.3 calories per pound of body weight per day.
 Someone with a GCS of 6 to 7 needs 18.2 to
22.7 calories.
 Those with less-severe injuries who have a GCS
of 8 to 12 require 13.6 to 16 calories.

JOURNALS:
 Nutrition Considerations in Traumatic Brain
Injury

 Nutritional
treatment of patients with severe
traumatic brain injury during the first six
months after injury

 Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy

 Physical Therapy

 Speech Therapy

 Mental Rehabilitation

 Physical Exercise

 Occupational Therapy

Head injury ppt

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Head injury ppt