ETHICS OF PUBLICATION
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The document outlines essential practices for transparency, research integrity, and responsible publication in academic publishing. It emphasizes the importance of disclosing research funding, accurately attributing authorship, and ensuring fair peer review processes while respecting editorial independence. Guidelines are provided for addressing conflicts of interest, protecting intellectual property, and upholding ethical standards in research and publication.
ETHICS OF PUBLICATION
- 1. VISHWANATH GOUDA 1st M. PHARM PHARMACY PRACTICE NITTE UNIVERSITY
- 2. INTRODUCTION TRANSPARENCY PROMOTING RESEARCH INTEGRITY EDITORIAL STANDARDS AND PROCESSES RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION PRACTICES OWNERSHIP OF IDEAS AND EXPRESSION CONTENTS
- 3. Academic publishing depends, to a great extent, on trust. Editors trust peer reviewers to provide fair assessments, authors trust editors to select appropriate peer reviewers, and readers put their trust in the peer-review process. Academic publishing also occurs in an environment of powerful intellectual, financial, and sometimes political interests that may collide or compete. INTRODUCTION
- 4. Good decisions and strong editorial processes designed to manage these interests will foster a sustainable and efficient publishing system, which will benefit academic societies, journal editors, authors, research funders, readers, and publishers. Good publication practices do not develop by chance, and will become established only if they are actively promoted.
- 5. TRANSPARENCY Sources of funding for research or publication should always be disclosed. Editors should state this directly in their editorial policy. Authors should routinely include information about research funding in all papers they prepare for publication. Where a clinical trial registration number is available, this should be included. In this three questions must answered Who funded the work? Who did the work? Has the work been published before?
- 6. WHO FUNDED THE WORK? Readers have a right to know who funded a research project or the publication of a document. Research funders should be listed on all research papers. The role of the research funder, as well as the role of all parties contributing to the research and publication, in designing the research, recruiting investigators/authors, collecting the data, analyzing the data, preparing the manuscript or controlling publication decisions should be stated in the publication, unless this is obvious from the list of authors/ contributors
- 7. WHO DID THE WORK? The list of authors should accurately reflect who did the work. All published work should be attributed to one or more authors. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) provides a definition of authorship that is applicable beyond the medical sector . For research papers, authorship should be decided at the study launch. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) provides guidance for instances where a number of authors report on behalf of a larger group of investigators .
- 8. HAS THE WORK BEEN PUBLISHED BEFORE? Most journals wish to consider only work that has not been published elsewhere. Journal instructions should clearly explain what is, and what is not, considered to be prior publication. Journals may choose to accept the re-publication of materials that have been accurately translated from an original publication in a different language. Editors should ensure that sub-group analyses, meta- and secondary analyses are clearly identified as analyses of data that have already been published, that they refer directly to the primary source, and that they include the clinical trial registration number from the primary publication.
- 9. PROMOTING RESEARCH INTEGRITY RESEARCH MISCONDUCT If editors suspect research misconduct they should attempt to ensure that this is properly investigated by the appropriate authorities. RESPECTING CULTURES AND HERITAGE Editors should exercise sensitivity when publishing images of objects that might have cultural significance or cause offence . ). It may be acceptable to publish images of human remains ,so long as these considerations are respected.
- 10. PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS/ SUBJECTS If human participants were involved, manuscripts must be accompanied by a statement that the experiments were undertaken with the understanding and appropriate informed consent of each. If experimental animals were used, the materials and methods (experimental procedures) section must clearly indicate that appropriate measures were taken to minimize pain or discomfort, and details of animal care should be provided. Journals should ask authors to state that the study they are submitting was approved by the relevant research ethics committee or institutional review board.
- 11. Where individual human subjects or case studies are discussed (for example, as in medicine, psychology, criminology), journals should protect confidentiality and should not permit publication of items that might upset or harm participants/subjects, or breach confidentiality of, for example, the doctor– patient relationship. INFORMING READERS ABOUT RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION MISCONDUCT Informing readers about research and publication misconduct. It should be published on a numbered page (print and electronic) and should be listed in the journal’s table of contents.
- 12. EDITORIAL STANDARDS AND PROCESSES PEER-REVIEW SYSTEMS Editors have a responsibility for ensuring the peerreview process is fair and should aim to minimize bias. Editors should choose a peerreview system that best suits their journal. Journals should have clearly set-out policies to explain the type of peer review they use and to explain whether peer review varies between types of article. Editors should apply consistent standards in their peer-review process.
- 13. PEER REVIEWER SELECTION AND PERFORMANCE Editors have a responsibility to ensure a high standard of objective, unbiased, and timely peer review. Peer reviewers who repeatedly produce poor quality, tardy, abusive or unconstructive reviews should not be used again. Editors may choose to use peer reviewers suggested by authors, but should not consider suggestions made by authors as binding. If authors request that an individual (or individuals) does not peer review their paper, editors should use this information to inform their choice of peer reviewer.
- 14. APPEALS Authors have a right to appeal editorial decisions. Journals should establish a mechanism for authors to appeal peer review decisions. Explaining such a system clearly in the journal’s instructions may benefit both authors and editors . CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Editors should adopt a policy about conflicts of interest that best suits their particular publishing environment, and should describe this in their editorial policy. Editors should require statements about conflicts of interest from authors. Editors should describe the detail that they require from conflict of interest statements, including the period that these statements should cover.
- 15. EDITORIAL INDEPENDENCE Editorial independence should be respected. Journal owners (both learned societies and publishers) should not interfere with editorial decisions. The relationship between the editor and the journal owner and publisher should be set out in a formal contract and an appeal mechanism for disputes should be established. Journals may choose to publish supplements, special issues, sections, or similar materials that are funded by a third-party organization (the supporter or sometimes sponsor)the content of funded items must align with the purpose of the journal.
- 16. ACCURACY Journal editors have a responsibility to ensure the accuracy of the material they publish, encourage authors and readers to inform them if they discover errors in published work. Corrections should be included in indexing systems and linked to the original article wherever possible. ACADEMIC DEBATE Editors should encourage peer reviewers to criticize the work not the researcher and should edit (or reject) letters containing personal or offensive statements.
- 17. RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION PRACTICES Editors should first work with the authors, the journal owners and/or the journal publishers referring to information from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Council of Science Editors (CSE), or another appropriate body if further advice is needed. A body such as the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) can provide editors with impartial advice from other editors about difficult cases, provide information about the prevalence of various types of misconduct and other ethical issues, and allow editors to learn from other journals’ experiences by reference to previous cases.
- 18. OWNERSHIP OF IDEAS AND EXPRESSION PLAGIARISM AND COPYRIGHT plagiarized means taken from other authors without permission, if permission is required. Journal editors and readers have a right to expect that submitted work is the author’s own, that it has not been plagiarized and that copyright has not been breached (for example, if figures or tables are reproduced). Many journals require authors to declare that the work reported is their own and that they are the copyright owner (or else have obtained the copyright owner’s permission).
- 19. PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Journal owners and authors have a right to protect their intellectual property. Different systems are available to protect intellectual property and journals must choose whichever best suits their purpose and ethos. Different system available such as authors to relinquish their copyright, license content from author, an open-access model under creative common licenses, adoption of a system that licenses content from authors rather than more traditional systems that require copyright assignment/transfer by authors.
- 20. PEER REVIEWER CONDUCT AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Authors are entitled to expect that peer reviewers or other individuals privy to the work an author submits to a journal will not steal their research ideas or plagiarize their work. Journal guidelines to peer reviewers should be explicit about the roles and responsibilities of peer reviewers, in particular the need to treat submitted material in confidence until it has been published. Editors should protect peer reviewers from authors and, even if peer reviewer identities are revealed, should discourage authors from contacting peer reviewers directly, especially if misconduct is suspected.
- 21. THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION ETHICS COPE is a forum for editors and publishers of peer reviewed journals to discuss all aspects of publication ethics. It also advises editors on how to handle cases of research and publication misconduct. The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) was established in 1997 by a small group of medical journal editors in the UK but now has over 9000 members worldwide from all academic fields. Membership is open to editors of academic journals and others interested in publication ethics.
- 22. REFERENCES 1) Graf C, Wager E,Bowman A, Fiack S, Scott-Lichter D, Robinson A. Best Practice Guidelines on Publication Ethics: a Publisher’s Perspective.International journal of clinical practice.2007;61(162):p.1-26.