Energy For

Movement
Metabolism
and
Basic Energy
Systems
 Energy

■ Energy is the capacity to

perform work
■ Energy can come from a
number of different forms
- Chemical
- Electrical
- Electromagnetic
- Thermal
- Mechanical
- Nuclear
 Energy

■ Law of “Thermodynamics”
states that all forms of energy
are interchangeable.
■ Energy is never lost or newly
created but always changing.
■ Energy originates from the sun
as light energy and is converted.
- Ultimately stored in plants
» Carbohydrates
» Fats
» Proteins
 Energy for Cellular
Activity
■ Energy sources
- carbohydrates - glucose =
(C6H12O6)
- fats - fatty acids = (C16H18O2)
- proteins - amino acids + nitrogen
■ The amount of energy released
in a biological reaction is
calculated from the amount of
heat produced.
■ 1 Kilocalorie = the amount of
heat energy needed to raise 1kg
of water 1 degree Celcius.
 Energy Sources

■ The energy in food moleculear

bonds is chemically released
within our cells then stored in
the form of ATP bonds.
■ The formation of ATP provides
the cells with a high-energy
compound for storing and
conserving energy.
 Carhohydrates
■ Come in many kinds of foods.
■ Are converted to glucose, a
monosacharide (one-unit sugar)
and transported by the blood to
all body tissues.
■ One gram yields about 4 kcal.
■ Are stored as glycogen in your
muscles (cytoplasm) and liver
(up to 2,000 kcal)
■ Without adequate carbohydrate
intake, the muscles and liver
stores can be depleted very
quickly.
 Fat
■ Comes in many foods
■ Broken down into free fatty acids
which can be used to form ATP.
■ A gram of fat yields about 9 kcal.
■ Fat provides a sizable amount of
energy (70,000 kcal) during
prolonged, less intense exercise.
■ Fat is stored intramuscularly or
subcutaneously
■ Fat is more difficult to break down
and therefore it is less accessible for
cellular metabolism.
 Protein
■ Can only supply up to 5% to
10% of the energy needed to
sustain prolonged exercise
■ Amino acids are broken down
into glucose (gluconeogenesis).
■ A gram of protein yields about
4 kcal.
 Bioenergetics: ATP
Production
■ By the ATP-PCr system
- anaerobic (fig. 5.3, 5.4)
- simplest energy system
- 1 mole PCr = 1 mole of ATP
- 1 ATP = 7.6 kcal
■ By the glycolytic system
- anaerobic (fig. 5.6)
- 1mole glycogen = 3moles of ATP
■ By the oxidative system
- aerobic (fig. 5.7, 5.8)
- energy yield = 39 moles of ATP
 ATP-PCr System
■ The simplest of the energy
systems
■ Energy released by the break-
down of Creatine Phosphate
(PCr), facilitated by the enzyme
creatine kinase (CK), rebuilds
ATP from ADP.
■ This process is rapid
■ Does not require oxygen (O2)
and is therefore anaerobic.
■ Can only sustain maximum
muscle work for 3-15 seconds.
 The Glycolytic System
■ Involves the breakdown (lysis)
of glucose via special glycolytic
enzymes.
■ Glucose accounts for about 99%
of all sugars circulating in the
blood.
■ Glucose comes from the
digestion of carbohydrates and
the breakdown of glycogen
during glycogenolysis.
■ Glycogen is synthesized from
glucose during glycogenisis.
 The Glycolytic System
■ Glucose and glycogen needs to
be converted to glucose-6-
phosphate before it can be used
for energy. For glucose this
process takes 1 ATP.
■ Glycolysis ultimately produces
pyruvic acid which is then
converted to lactic acid in the
absence of oxygen.
■ Gycolysis requires 12
enzymatic reactions to form
lactic acid which occur within
the cells cytoplasm
 The Glycolytic System
■ 1 glycogen = 3 ATP
■ 1 glucose = 2 ATP
■ Causes lactic acid accumulation
in the muscles
- This acidification discourages
glycolysis
- Decreases the muscle fibers’
calcium binding capacity and
therefore impedes muscle
contraction.
 The Oxidative System
(Carbohydrate)
■ Glycolysis:
- pyruvic acid is oxidized into
acetyl coenzyme A
- 2 or 3 ATP are formed
■ Krebs Cycle:
- acetyl CoA = (2ATP + H + C)
- H accepted by NAD & FAD
■ Electron Transport Chain:
- the splitting of H electrons and
protons provides energy to perform
oxidative phosphorylation
- (ADP+P=ATP) + H2O + CO2
- glycogen = 39 moles of ATP
 The Oxidative System
(Carbohydrate)

■ Cellular Respiration: energy

production in the presence of
oxygen.
■ Occurs in the mitochondria
adjacent to the myofibrils and
within the sarcoplasm.
■ High energy yields (39 ATP)
which are used during aerobic
events.
 The Oxidative System
(Fat)

■ Lipolysis: Triglycerides are

broken down into glycerol and
fatty acids by lipases.
■ Beta Oxidation: fatty acids are
broken down into units of acetic
acid and converted to acetyl-
CoA
■ Krebs Cycle:
■ Electron Transport Chain:
1mole of palmitic acid = 129
moles of ATP
 Protein Metabolism

■ Gluconeogenesis: some amino

acids can be converted into
glucose, pyruvate acid, or
acetyl CoA
■ ATP is spent in this process
■ Biproducts include other amino
acids or nitrogen which is
excreted in urine.
■ Energy from protein
metabolism is ignored
The Oxidative Capacity
of Muscle
■ Enzyme Activity
■ Muscle Fiber Types
- slow twitch (type 1)
» Greater oxidative capacity
- fast twitch A (type 2a)
- fast twitch B (type 2b)
■ Endurance Training
- enhances mitochondria density
- enhances enzymes for B oxidation
■ Cardiovascular Function
- improved rate/depth of respiration
- increased gas exchange & H.R.
- Max VO2
 Measuring Energy Use
During Exercise
■ Direct Calorimetry
- Measures body heat production
■ Indirect Calorimetry
- amount of O2 & CO2 exchanged
- respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
» measures food source
■ Isotopic Measurements
- Isotopes are elements with an
atypical atomic weight
- Isotopes are traced to determine
metabolism
- measures CO2 produced which is
converted to energy expended
■ Daily Caloric Computation
- is a highly estimated computation
Estimates of Anaerobic
Effort
■ Post-Exercise O2 Consumption
- oxygen deficit
- steady state
- EPOC
■ Lactate Threshold
- The point at which the blood
lactate appears to increase above
resting levels.
- A clear break point when the
onset of blood lactate accumulates
(OBLA)
- when expressed as a % of VO2
max is a good indication of
tolerance (pace).
 Energy Expenditure

■ Basal Metabolic Rate: measured

in O2 use per min. at rest
- how is it affected?
» Fat free mass
» Body surface area = heat loss
» Age
» Body temperature
» Stress
» Hormone levels
■ VO2 Max (aerobic capacity)
- how is it affected?
» Oxygen consumption increases with
increased intensity of exercise
» VO2 Max plateaus
» To perform at a higher % of VO2
Max reflects a higher lactate
threshold
 Energy Expenditure
■ Economy Of Effort
■ Factors of Endurance Success
- high VO2 max
- high lactate threshold or OBLA
- high economy of effort
- high percentage of ST muscle
■ Range of Total Daily Caloric
Expenditure is Variable With
- Activity level
- Age
- Sex
- Size
- Weight
- Body Composition
 Causes of Fatigue
■ Decreased Energy
- ATP-PCr
» Phosphocreatine depletion
» warm-up & pacing decreases fatigue
» “hitting the wall” = no energy
- glycolysis
» Glycogen depletion in used muscles
» depletion in certain muscle fiber types
» depletion of blood glucose
- oxidation
» a lack of O2 increases lactic acid
■ bicarbonate & cool down
» a causitive factor of muscle strains
■ Accumulation of Metabolic Bi-
products (acidosis).
 Causes of Fatigue
■ Neuromoscular Fatigue
- decreased nerve transmission
» Depleted acetyl Co A
» Sarcolemma membrane threshold
might increase
» Decreased potassium needed for
nerve transmission along the
sarcolemma
» Calcium rentention within the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- fatigue may be psychological and
therefore terminate exercise
before the muscles are
physiologically exhausted
» verbal encouragement
» fight or flight mechanism
» perceived discomfort preceeds
muscle physiological limitations
■ Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness