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Course Over-view

Click to edit Master subtitle style Lecture by M.Rafiq Afridi

Preston University

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Introduction

In 1896, Gugliemo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph. 1901, he sent telegraphic signal across the Atlantic ocean from corn wall to Newfoundland. A distance of about 3200km. the last century, advances in wireless technology have let to radio, TV, mobile phones and communications satellite. The first communication satellite was launched in 1960.

In

Over

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Transmission Fundamentals
Analog

signal is a continuous signal that changes in a smooth way. It might represent data. signal is a signal whose only two states are available, +ve & -ve. It might represent 1s and 0s. signal in which the same wave signal pattern repeats over time. A periodic analog signal is called sine wave and a digital signal is called square wave.

Digital

Periodic

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Transmission Fundamentals
Peak

amplitude it is the maximum value or strength of the signal over time. is the ratio of in cycles per second hertz (Hz) at which the signal repeats. is the measure relative position in time within a signal period of a signal.

Frequency

Phase

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Transmission Fundamentals
Wavelength

of a signal is the distance covered by a signal to complete one cycle. Its is represented by . = v t, where v is velocity and t is time period. is the conversion of signal from analog to digital. Decoding is the conversion of signal from digital to analog.

Encoding

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Transmission Fundamentals
Modem

is a modulator and a de-modulator.

Channel

capacity is at which data can be transferred in a channel.

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Transmission Media
Transmission

media is the physical path between transmitter and receiver. It can be classified as guided media and un-guided media. media is the waves are guided along a solid medium, such as copper twisted pair, copper coaxial cable, optical fiber. media it provides a means of transmitting electromagnetic signal but do not guide them, the atmosphere and outer space are the example. This form of transmission is usually referred to a wireless communication.

Guided

Un-guided

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Multiplexing
Different

inputs or signals that can be transmitted through a single medium is called multiplexing.

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Frequency
Assignment

Division Multiplexing
of non-overlapping frequency ranges to each user or signal on a medium. Thus, all signals are transmitted at the same time, each using different frequencies. multiplexor accepts inputs and assigns frequencies to each device. multiplexor is attached to a high-speed communications line. corresponding multiplexor, or demultiplexor,

The

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Time Division Multiplexing

Sharing

Digital Time

1. Synchronous time division multiplexing, and 2. Statistical, or asynchronous time division multiplexing.

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Communication Network
Communication

network is the path between the sender and receiver through a medium with a feed back is called communication network.

Types of Connectons: there are two types of connections

Single link means point-to-point link. Multidrop

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Types of topologies
Bus

line.

Topology Nodes are arranged in a single Topology Nodes are arranged in grids.

Mesh Star

Topology One node at the center as the master node. Topology Nodes are arranged in a ring. Network Topology mixture of star and ring topologies.

Ring

Hyper

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Bus Topology
It

is a network architecturein which a set of clientsare connected via a shared communications line, called a bus.

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Star Topology
n n

One node at the center as the master node Other nodes linked to the master as slaves
n n n n

slaves communicate via master easy to arbitrate among slaves (master decides) not scalable (the master is the bottleneck) normally for small networks or that requires predictable performance master failure shutdowns the whole net
slave slave slave slave slave Master

Example: Ethernet, DSL

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Mesh Topology
Nodes

are arranged in grids

each node can talk to its neighbors directly nodes needs store-and-forward for communication

non-neighbor

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Ring Topology
Nodes One

are arranged in a ring

node receives from its predecessor & sends to its successor

arbitrate who can access the ring messages forwarded by each node sender deletes its messages from the ring the common ring is the single point of failure (complicated connectors needed)

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Hyper Topology
No

restrictions on how to link the nodes can adapt to individual organization

Topology

needs

slave Master slave slave slave slave

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Types of Networks
LAN-

Local Area Network: Local Area Network a group of computers connected within a building or a campus (Example of LAN may consist of computers located on a single floor or a building or it might link all the computers in a small company.

WAN-

Wide Area Network: A network consisting of computers of LAN's connected across a distance WAN can cover small to large distances, using different topologies such as telephone lines, fiber optic cabling, satellite transmissions and microwave transmissions. Metropolitan Area Network: is a computer

MAN-

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OSI Model
Open

Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally recognized, non-proprietary standards for networking and for operating system involved in networking functions.

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7 Layers
7. Application Layer
6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

All People Seem To Need Data Processing

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Tasks involved in sending letter

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LAYER 7 The APPLICATION Layer

The top layer of the OSI model Provides a set of interfaces for sending and receiving applications to gain access to and use network services, such as: networked file transfer, message handling and database query processing.

LAYER 6 The PRESENTATION Layer

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Manages data-format information for networked communications (the networks translator) For outgoing messages, it converts data into a generic format for network transmission; for incoming messages, it converts data from the generic network format to a format that the receiving application can understand This layer is also responsible for certain protocol conversions, data encryption/decryption, or data compression/decompression A special software facility called a redirector operates at this layer to determine if a request is network related on not and forward network-related requests to an appropriate network resource

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LAYER 5 The SESSION Layer

Enables two networked resources to hold ongoing communications (called a session) across a network Applications on either end of the session are able to ex hange data for the duration of the session This layer is: Responsible for initiating, maintaining and terminating sessions Responsible for security and access control to session information (via session participant identification) Responsible for synchronization services, and for checkpoint services.

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LAYER 4 The TRANSPORT Layer

Manages the transmission of data across a network Manages the flow of data between parties by segmenting long data streams into smaller data chunks (based on allowed packet size for a given transmission medium) Reassembles chunks into their original sequence at the receiving end Provides acknowledgements of successful transmissions and requests resends for packets which arrive with errors

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LAYER 3 The NETWORK Layer

Handles addressing messages for delivery, as well as translating logical network addresses and names into their physical counterparts Responsible for deciding how to route transmissions between computers This layer also handles the decisions needed to get data from one point to the next point along a network path This layer also handles packet switching and network congestion control

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LAYER 2 The DATA LINK Layer

Handles special data frames (packets) between the Network layer and the Physical layer. At the receiving end, this layer packages raw data from the physical layer into data frames for delivery to the Network layer. At the sending end this layer handles conversion of data into raw formats that can be handled by the Physical Layer.

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LAYER 1 The PHYSICAL Layer

Converts bits into electronic signals for outgoing messages Converts electronic signals into bits for incoming messages This layer manages the interface between the the computer and the network medium (coax, twisted pair, etc.) This layer tells the driver software for the MAU (media attachment unit, ex. network interface cards (NICs, modems, etc.)) what needs to be sent across the medium The bottom layer of the OSI model.

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The OSI Model