Understand @ Managing Memory
The term memory applies to any electronic component capable of temporarily storing data.There are two main categories of memories which are internal memory and auxiliary memory.
Internal Memory is memory that temporarily memories. Uses by micro conductors, i.e fast specialized electronic circuits.
1
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Understand @ managing memory (continue)
Auxiliary memory is memory that stores information over the long term such as hard drive, optical storage devices, cd-rom, dvd-rom and others.
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
RAM on the Motherboard
Loses all data when PC is turned off (except data stored on CMOS chip) Two categories
Static RAM (SRAM)
Fast Used as a memory cache
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Slower; requires constant refreshing
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
DRAM
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
SRAM
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Memory Technologies
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
How SRAM Is Used in Different Memory Caches
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
How Memory Caching Works
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Dynamic RAM Technologies
Stored on DIMM, RIMM, or SIMM modules (plug directly into motherboard) Differences among these modules:
Width of data path that each type accommodates The way data moves from system bus to module
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Examples of Memory Modules
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
10
DRAM Technologies
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
11
DRAM Technologies (continued)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
12
DRAM
SIMM technologies
Can use either EDO or FPM technology
DIMM technologies
Can use either BEDO (burst EDO) or synchronous RAM (SDRAM)
RIMM technologies
Each socket must be filled to maintain continuity
13
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Identifying the DIMM Module
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
14
RIMM Technologies
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
15
Error Checking and Parity
Parity
Error-checking procedure in which every byte has an even number of ones or an odd number of ones Older method of testing integrity of bits
Stored in RAM or secondary medium Sent over a communications device
Error-correcting code (ECC)
Current method of error checking that can detect and correct an error in a single bit
16
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Parity
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
17
Other Memory Features
CAS (column access strobe) latency
RAS (row access strobe) latency
Both CAS and RAS refer to the number of clock cycles it takes to write or read a column or row of data
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
18
Memory Speeds: Factors to Consider
Speed of memory in ns, MHz, or PC rating
How much memory is installed
Memory technology used
CL rating ECC/parity or non-ECC/nonparity
19
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Factors That Contribute to Memory Speed
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
20
Upgrading Memory
What to look for when buying memory chips and modules How much and what kind of memory to buy Reading ads about memory modules Installing memory
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
21
What to Look for When Buying Memory Chips and Modules
Use type, size, density, and fastest speed supported by the motherboard
Match tin leads to tin connectors and gold leads to gold connectors Beware of remanufactured and re-marked memory chips
22
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
How Much and What Kind of Memory to Buy
Determine how much memory you have and need Identify the number, type, and size of memory modules supported by your motherboard Determine how much memory can you afford Match memory modules to the motherboard
23
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Using Motherboard Documentation to Select Memory
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
24
Using Motherboard Documentation to Select Memory (continued)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
25
RDRAM Memory Configuration
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
26
Installing Memory
Protect chips against static electricity
Usually modules pop into place easily and are secured by spring catches on both ends
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
27
Installing a SIMM Module
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
28
Installing a DIMM Module
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
29
Installing a DIMM Module (continued)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
30
Installing a RIMM Module
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
31
Troubleshooting Memory
What to do if the computer does not recognize new SIMMs, DIMMs, or RIMMs, or memory error messages appear Recurring errors during normal operations can mean unreliable memory
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
32
Windows Memory Management
Evolution of OS memory management
Windows 9x memory management
Windows NT/2000/XP memory management
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
33
Evolution of OS Memory Management
DOS and Windows 9x
Complicated; must deal with conventional, upper, and extended memory for backward compatibility
Windows NT/2000/NT
Eliminates complexity; memory is simply memory; all memory addresses are used the same way Causes loss of backward compatibility
34
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Division of Memory Under DOS and Windows 9x
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
35
Assignment of Windows 9x Memory Addresses
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
36
How Memory Addresses Are Used
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
37
How Memory Addresses Are Used (continued)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
38
Memory Management Evolution
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
39
Windows 9x Memory Management
Views and manages memory addresses as DOS did
Runs in protected mode and uses virtual memory; does a better job managing extended memory than DOS
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
40
How Windows 9x and DOS Manage Memory Addressing
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
41
Windows 9x and DOS Utilities That Manage Memory
Himem.sys
Device driver for all memory above 640K
Emm386.exe
Contains software that loads device drivers and other programs into upper memory
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
42
Using Himem.sys
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
43
Using Emm386.exe
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
44
Creating and Using Upper Memory Blocks
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
45
How Windows 9x Manages Virtual Memory
Automates virtual memory management Stores virtual memory in swap file and manages that memory for application programs Controlled by the VMM (memory paging) Symptoms of excessive memory paging
Very high CPU use Very slow system response Constant hard drive use
46
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Windows NT/2000/XP Memory Management
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
47
How Windows 2000/XP Manages Virtual Memory
Default size of paging file is set to 1.5 times amount of RAM installed Guidelines for managing paging files
Set initial and maximum size of file to same value Balance file size with disk space usage Move paging file to a volume other than boot volume Remember that memory dumps cannot be captured if the paging file is on a different physical disk from the OS
48
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Summary
Memory
Required in order for a system to work
Stored on microchips, which are often stored on memory modules (SIMMs, DIMMS, RIMMs) Adding more memory can improve system performance
How DOS, Windows 9x, and Windows NT/2000/XP manage memory
49
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
