Guide to Oracle 10g

Lesson A Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to: Understand database administration tasks Install an Oracle 10g database, configure client applications, and remove Oracle 10g applications Perform database administration tasks using Oracle 10g Enterprise Manager Understand Oracle 10g data storage structures Work with Oracle 10g database instance files

Guide to Oracle 10g

Overview of Database Administration

Information technology (IT) department Database Administrator (DBA) Manages database Roles:

Service Production

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Installing an Oracle 10g Database

Oracle 10g DBMS editions: Enterprise Standard Personal

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Oracle 10g Folder Structure

Default directory structure C:\oracle\product\10.1.0 Oracle Home Located beneath C:\Oracle_Base Contains subdirectories for Oracle software executables and network files Must be unique for each product

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Database Server System Requirements

Online documentation provided on product CD

contains exact system requirements Server workstation should have:

At least 200MHz processor At least 256 MB of main memory Virtual memory size should be double amount of RAM 100 MB of temporary disk space

256 video adapter

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Database Server System Requirements (continued)

Server workstation should have: NTFS (NT File System) Hard disk requirements:

32 MB required

Guide to Oracle 10g

Windows Operating Systems on Which You Can Install the Oracle 10g DBMS

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Hard Disk Space Requirements for NTFS

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Oracle 10g Universal Installer

Java-based graphical user interface (GUI) tool
Install and remove Oracle software Automatically installs Oracle version of Java Runtime

Environment (JRE) Pages for Oracle Database 10g installation:

Specify File Locations Select Installation Type

Select Database Configuration

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Oracle 10g Universal Installer (continued)

Pages for Oracle Database 10g installation: Specify Database Configuration Options Select Database Management Option Specify Database File Storage Option Specify Backup and Recovery Options Specify Database Schema Passwords Summary

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Select Database Configuration Page

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Oracle 10g Universal Installer (continued)

Global database name
Database system identifier (SID) IP address Domain name Tools that Universal Installer automatically installs: Oracle Net Configuration Assistant Oracle Database Configuration Assistant

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Configuration Tools Page

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Configuring Client Applications to Connect to an Oracle 10g Database

Configure connect strings for client applications Local naming Oracle Internet Directory

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Local Naming
tnsnames.ora File stores connect string and database connection information On client workstation in Oracle_Home\network\admin Connect descriptor
Port Service name

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Oracle 10g TCP/IP Connect Descriptor Structure

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Oracle Internet Directory

Stores connect descriptor and service name

information on directory server Oracle Internet Directory (OID) server

Uses Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

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Sample LDAP Directory Server Entries

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Using OID to Create a Database Connection

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Removing an Oracle 10g Database

Installation process automatically writes configuration

information into system registry Use Universal Installer to remove Oracle 10g applications
Does not remove all application files
Or all application configuration information from

system registry

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Using Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g to Perform Database Administration Tasks

User account must have DBA role Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) Three-tier architecture Console Oracle Management Server (OMS) Interacts with repository Makes it easier for DBAs to administer multiple databases in organizations network
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Oracle Enterprise Manager Architecture

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Using Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g to Perform Database Administration Tasks (continued)
OEM deployment options: Centrally Locally

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Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control Home Page

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Overview of the OEM Console

Provides graphical, Web-based environment Enables DBAs to perform database administration support role tasks for any database server

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Managing Navigation in the OEM

Property page links: Home Performance Administration Maintenance

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OEM Performance Property Page

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Connecting to a Database and Performing DBA Tasks

DBA must explicitly connect to OEM By specifying:

Username Password Connect role

Connect role: Normal SYSOPER SYSDBA

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Managing Oracle 10g Data Storage

Oracle 10g database stores and manages data Using variety of data structures

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Oracle 10g Data Structures

Tablespace Datafile Segment Partitioned Extent
Data block Database storage data block Operating system blocks

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Oracle 10g Data Structures (continued)

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Non-Partitioned and Partitioned Database Tables and Associated Segments

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Data Block Components

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Managing Oracle 10g Data Structures

Create tablespace
Manage datafile extents Autoextensible tablespace Configure tablespace and datafile properties

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The Oracle 10g Database File Architecture

Oracle 10g database files: Parameter file Control files Datafiles Redo log files

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Oracle 10g Database File Architecture

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Parameter File
Text file
Specifies configuration information about Oracle 10g

database instance init.ora

Stored in Oracle_Base\admin\SID\pfile folder

DBAs can edit parameter file Modify database configuration

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Control Files
Store information about database structure and state
Stored in Oracle_Base\oradata\SID Three separate control files by default: CONTROL01.CTL CONTROL02.CTL CONTROL03.CTL Contain same data At least one must be present

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Datafiles
.dbf extensions
Store tablespace contents Stored in Oracle_Base\oradata\SID Use OEM to view and modify

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Redo Log Files

Records information to undo action query changes
.log extension Stored in Oracle_Base\ORADATA\SID Pre-image Rollback segment

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Redo Log Files (continued)

Redo log group Member Log switch

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Lesson A Summary
Database administrator (DBA) Responsible for performing database administration tasks in organizations Database server contains folder called Oracle Base
Series of Universal Installer pages guides user through

installation process Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g (OEM) administration utility

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Lesson A Summary (continued)

Database structural components: Tablespace Segment Extent Datafile Data block

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Lesson A Summary (continued)

Database files: Parameter Control Datafile Log

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Lesson B Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to: Create and manage user accounts Understand an Oracle 10g database instances memory areas and background processes Start and shut down the database Understand Oracle 10g database backup and recovery

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Creating and Managing User Accounts

Create new user account General information about user account System privileges user has in database Users tablespace quota on database server

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Specifying General User Information

Use OEM General page:

Name Profile Authentication Default tablespace Temporary tablespace Status

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Specifying System Privileges

System privilege
Object privilege Enable new user to interact with Oracle 10g database DBA grants system privileges Use System Privileges page in Create User page Admin Option

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Tablespace Quotas
Specifies amount of disk space that users database

objects can occupy in default tablespace Must be assigned Quota Size value:
None, default Unlimited Value

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Editing Existing User Accounts

Use OEM Select user account to be modified on Users page General page opens Select other links to modify properties

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Roles
Database object
Represents collection of system privileges Assign to multiple users Create role Can inherit privileges from other roles Grant Role to User Account

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Components of an Oracle 10g Database Instance

Connection Link between client process and database instance Creates user session OEM General page for database instance Provides information about database instance

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Oracle 10g Server Main Memory Structures

System Global Area Memory area all database connections use Made up of five primary memory areas Program Global Area (PGA) Memory area stores information for specific user connection Two memory areas:

Session information Stack space

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Primary Memory Areas Within the System Global Area

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Oracle 10g Background Processes

Set of background processes Service user requests DBA does not control directly Processes: Database Writer (DBWn) Log Writer (LGWR) System Monitor (SMON) Process monitor (PMON) Checkpoint (CKPT)
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Starting and Shutting Down the Database

Shut down database periodically Perform maintenance Restart database

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Creating an Administrative Connection

Shutting down database makes database unavailable

for user connections DBA must log onto database using administrative connection SYS user account

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Tasks That SYSDBA and SYSOPER Users Can Perform

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Startup and Shutdown States

Start Oracle 10g database instance Pass through four states:

SHUTDOWN NOMOUNT MOUNTED OPEN

Shut down Oracle 10g database instance Pass through states in reverse order

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Oracle 10g Database Instance States

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Shutdown Options
Specify one of four ways to handle existing user

connections:
Normal Transactional Immediate Abort

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Startup Modes
Start in one of two modes: Unrestricted Restricted

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Using OEM to Shut Down and Start a Database Instance

DBA shuts down database instance using Normal,

Transactional, or Immediate shutdown option

Shutdown process performs five following tasks:

Writes contents of data buffer cache to datafiles Writes contents of redo log buffer to redo log files Closes all files Stops all background processes Deallocates SGA in servers main memory

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Database Backup and Recovery

Important database administration support tasks

include:
Backup

Offline/cold Online/hot

Recovery

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Creating Offline (Cold) Backups

Shut down database instance
Copy specific database files to alternate disk location Parameter file Control files Datafiles Not redo logs Restart database instance

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Creating Online (Hot) Backups

Create hot backup Place database instance in ARCHIVELOG mode Back up control file Back up datafiles Instruct database to write current contents of redo log files to archive files

Create backup copies of archive log files

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Database Recovery
Process of restoring database from either cold or hot

backup files Necessary after database failure Cold backup recovery:

Shut down database Restore backed up control file and datafiles to database

server Restart database

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Database Recovery (continued)

Hot backup recovery: Recover database to point at which last hot backup created Use control trace file to generate new copy of control file Restore backup copies of datafiles Perform media recovery

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Backup Strategies

Cold backups Simplest to perform Satisfactory for databases whose:

Contents do not change very much Users can tolerate downtime while DBA creates cold backup files

Hot backups Complex to perform Better suited for dynamic, mission-critical databases

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Lesson B Summary
Create user account
Roles Manage system privileges Memory areas System Global Area (SGA) Program Global Area (PGA) Background processes Backup and recovery

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