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Database
Management
System
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What is RDBMS?
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What is RDBMS?
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What is RDBMS?
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What is RDBMS?
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What is RDBMS?

 Definition:
A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a
collection of data items with pre-defined relationships between
them.
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What is RDBMS?

 Definition:
A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a
collection of data items with pre-defined relationships between
them.

These items are organized as a set of tables with columns and

rows.
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What is RDBMS?

 Definition:
A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a
collection of data items with pre-defined relationships between
them.

These items are organized as a set of tables with columns and

rows.

Tables are used to hold information about the objects to be

represented in the database.
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History of RDBMS

 RDBMS model:
 RDBMS was invited by E. F. Codd in 1970.
 He proposed the idea of storing data into row-column format.
 The paper published is “A Relational Model of Data for Large
Shared Data Banks”
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Features of RDBMS?
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Features of RDBMS?

Offers information to be saved in the tables.

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Features of RDBMS?

Offers information to be saved in the tables.

Numerous users can access it together which is managed by a

single user.
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Features of RDBMS?

Offers information to be saved in the tables.

Numerous users can access it together which is managed by a

single user.

Virtual tables are available for storing the insightful data.

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Features of RDBMS?

Offers information to be saved in the tables.

Numerous users can access it together which is managed by a

single user.

Virtual tables are available for storing the insightful data.

In order to exclusively find out the rows, the primary key is used.
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Features of RDBMS?

Offers information to be saved in the tables.

Numerous users can access it together which is managed by a

single user.

Virtual tables are available for storing the insightful data.

In order to exclusively find out the rows, the primary key is used.

The data are always saved in rows and columns.

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Features of RDBMS?

Offers information to be saved in the tables.

Numerous users can access it together which is managed by a

single user.

Virtual tables are available for storing the insightful data.

In order to exclusively find out the rows, the primary key is used.

The data are always saved in rows and columns.

To retrieve the information the indexes are used.

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Features of RDBMS?

Offers information to be saved in the tables.

Numerous users can access it together which is managed by a single

user.

Virtual tables are available for storing the insightful data.

In order to exclusively find out the rows, the primary key is used.

The data are always saved in rows and columns.

To retrieve the information the indexes are used.

Columns are being shared between tables using the foreign key.
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What is a table?

The data tables used in a relational database store information

about the related objects.
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What is a table?

The data tables used in a relational database store information

about the related objects.
Each row holds a record with a unique identifier known as a
key and each column contains the attributes of the data.
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What is a table?

The data tables used in a relational database store information about

the related objects.

Each row holds a record with a unique identifier known as a key and
each column contains the attributes of the data.

Each record assigns a value to each feature, making relationships

between data points easy to identify.
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Structured Query Language
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Structured Query Language

SQL is the standardized language used to access the database.

ANSI/SQL defines the SQL standard. The current version of SQL is
SQL:2023.
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Structured Query Language

SQL is the standardized language used to access the database.

ANSI/SQL defines the SQL standard. The current version of SQL is
SQL:2023.

SQL contains three parts:

 Data definition language includes statements that help you define
the database and its objects, e.g., tables, views, triggers, stored
procedures etc.
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Structured Query Language

SQL is the standardized language used to access the database.

ANSI/SQL defines the SQL standard. The current version of SQL is
SQL:2023.

SQL contains three parts:

 Data definition language includes statements that help you define
the database and its objects, e.g., tables, views, triggers, stored
procedures,
 Data manipulation language contains statements that allow you
to update and query data.
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Structured Query Language

SQL is the standardized language used to access the database.

ANSI/SQL defines the SQL standard. The current version of SQL is
SQL:2023.

SQL contains three parts:

 Data definition language includes statements that help you define
the database and its objects, e.g., tables, views, triggers, stored
procedures,
 Data manipulation language contains statements that allow you
to update and query data.
 Data control language allows you to grant the permissions to a
user to access specific data in the database.
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Advantages of RDBMS
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Advantages of RDBMS

The main advantage of relational databases is that they enable

users to easily categorize and store data that can later be queried
and filtered to extract specific information for reports.
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Advantages of RDBMS

The main advantage of relational databases is that they enable

users to easily categorize and store data that can later be
queried and filtered to extract specific information for reports.
Relational databases are also easy to extend and aren't reliant
on physical organization. After the original database creation, a
new data category can be added without all existing
applications being modified.
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Few more advantages…

 Flexibility: Complex queries are easy for users to carry.

 Collaboration: Multiple users can access the same database.

 Trust: Relational database models are mature and well-

understood.

 Security: Data in tables within a RDBMS can be limited to allow

access by only specific users.
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Tables
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Tables

 Tables are a logical structure maintained by the Database

manager. In a table, each vertical block is called a column
(Tuple) and each horizontal block is called a row (Entity).
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Tables

 Tables are a logical structure maintained by the Database

manager. In a table, each vertical block is called a column
(Tuple) and each horizontal block is called a row (Entity).

 At the intersection of every column and row is a specific data

item, which is called a value. A column is a set of values of the
same type. A row is a sequence of values such that the nth
value is a value of the nth column of the table. Every table must
have one or more columns, but the number of rows can be zero.
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Primary Keys
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Primary Keys

 A primary key is a special type of unique key

and cannot contain null values. A table can have
no more than one primary key.

 In the table “StudentInfo”, STUDENT_ID is the

primary key and is used to represent the unique
set of records.

 Primary keys are optional and can be defined in

CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement.
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Foreign Keys
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Foreign Keys
 A foreign key is a set of columns in a
table which are required to match at
least one primary key of a row in
another table.

 A table can have zero or more foreign

keys.

 In table “StudentsMarksInfo”, Student

ID is the foreign key and it’s a primary
key of table “StudentInfo”. Here, the
foreign key is used to get the student
information in the Marks register table.
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MySQL - Introduction
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MySQL - Introduction

 MySQL is a relational database management system.

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MySQL - Introduction

 MySQL is a relational database management system.

 MySQL is free and open-source released in 1995 by Oracle

Corporation.
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MySQL - Introduction

 MySQL is a relational database management system.

 MySQL is free and open-source released in 1995 by Oracle

Corporation.

 MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications.

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MySQL - Introduction

 MySQL is a relational database management system.

 MySQL is free and open-source released in 1995 by Oracle

Corporation.

 MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications.

 MySQL is very fast, reliable, scalable, and easy to use.

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MySQL - Introduction

 MySQL is a relational database management system.

 MySQL is free and open-source released in 1995 by Oracle

Corporation.

 MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications.

 MySQL is very fast, reliable, scalable, and easy to use.

 Its name is a combination of "My", the name of co-founder

Michael Widenius’s daughter, and "SQL", the abbreviation for
Structured Query Language.
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MySQL - Introduction

 MySQL is a relational database management system.

 MySQL is free and open-source released in 1995 by Oracle

Corporation.

 MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications.

 MySQL is very fast, reliable, scalable, and easy to use.

 Its name is a combination of "My", the name of co-founder Michael

Widenius’s daughter, and "SQL", the abbreviation for Structured
Query Language.

 MySQL is cross-platform.
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MySQL – Downloading

 URL - https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/installer/

 Select
 Version - 8.0.41
 OS – Windows/Whichever the OS you’re using.
 Download MSI installer with larger size.

 Select No thanks, just start my download.

 Once the .exe file is downloaded, double click to start installing.

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MySQL - Installation

While Installing

 In the Setup Window,

 Select Full, and click Next
 Now click Execute

 After execution,
 Click Next

 In Product Configuration,
 Click Next
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MySQL - Installation

While Installing

 In Type and Networking,

 Config Type – Development Computer
 Click Next

 In Authentication Method,
 Select RECOMMENDED
 Click Next

 Create a new (medium to strong) root password & click Next

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MySQL - Installation

While Installing

 In Window Service,
 Click Next

 In Server File Permissions,

 Click Next

 In Apply Configuration,
 Click Execute
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MySQL - Installation

While Installing

 Click Finish

 In Connect To Server,
 Enter the root password and click Check
 Click Next.

 In the Apply Configuration,

 Click Execute

 Click Finish

 Click Finish
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Database Store
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Database Store

 A data store is a repository for the persistent storage and

management of data sets that not only include repositories
such as databases but also simpler storage types such as basic
files, emails etc.
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Database Store

 A data store is a repository for the persistent storage and

management of data sets that not only include repositories
such as databases but also simpler storage types such as basic
files, emails etc.

 Data Storage is the mechanism by which IT collects, organizes,

and exchanges the bits and bytes that make up the items that
you rely on every day — from applications to network protocols,
documents to newspapers, and address books to user
preferences.
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Database Normalization
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Database Normalization

Database design is very important to be perfect. If it is not perfect,

then it may contain anomalies. Managing a database with anomalies
is difficult or may be near to impossible.
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Database Normalization

Database design is very important to be perfect. If it is not perfect,

then it may contain anomalies. Managing a database with anomalies
is difficult or may be near to impossible.

There are three types of anomalies as follows:

 Update anomalies
 Deletion anomalies
 Insert anomalies
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Database Normalization

Database design is very important to be perfect. If it is not perfect,

then it may contain anomalies. Managing a database with anomalies
is difficult or may be near to impossible.

There are three types of anomalies as follows:

 Update anomalies
 Deletion anomalies
 Insert anomalies

Normalization is a method to remove all these anomalies and bring

the database to a consistent state.
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Database Normalization

Update anomalies:

An update anomaly is a data inconsistency that results from data

redundancy and a partial If data items are scattered and are not
linked to each other properly, then it could lead to strange
situations.
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Database Normalization

Update anomalies:

An update anomaly is a data inconsistency that results from data

redundancy and a partial If data items are scattered and are not
linked to each other properly, then it could lead to strange situations.

Example:

When we try to update one data item having its copies scattered
over several places, a few instances get updated properly while a
few others are left with old values. Such instances leave the
database in an inconsistent state.
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Database Normalization

Deletion anomalies:

A deletion anomaly occurs when you delete a record that may

contain attributes that should not be deleted.
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Database Normalization

Deletion anomalies:

A deletion anomaly occurs when you delete a record that may

contain attributes that should not be deleted.

Example:

We tried to delete a record, but parts of it was left undeleted

because of unawareness, the data is also saved somewhere else.
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Database Normalization

Insert anomalies:

An Insert Anomaly occurs when certain attributes cannot be

inserted into the database without the presence of other attributes.
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Database Normalization

Insert anomalies:

An Insert Anomaly occurs when certain attributes cannot be

inserted into the database without the presence of other attributes.

Example:

We tried to insert data in a record that does not exist at all.

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Database Index
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Database Index

A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of

data retrieval operations on a database table.
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Database Index

A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of

data retrieval operations on a database table.

Indexes are used to quickly locate data without having to search

every row in a database table every time a database table is
accessed.
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Database Index

A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of

data retrieval operations on a database table.

Indexes are used to quickly locate data without having to search

every row in a database table every time a database table is
accessed.

Indexes can be created using one or more columns of a database

table, providing the basis for both rapid random lookups and
efficient access of ordered records.
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Database Index
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Database Index
The first column is the Search key that contains a copy
of the primary key of the table. These values are stored
in sorted order so that the corresponding data can be
accessed quickly.

Note: The data may or may not be stored in sorted

order.
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Database Index
The first column is the Search key that contains a copy
of the primary key of the table. These values are stored
in sorted order so that the corresponding data can be
accessed quickly.

Note: The data may or may not be stored in sorted

order.

The second column is the Data Reference or Pointer

which contains a set of pointers holding the address of
the disk block where that particular key value can be
found.
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Database Index
The indexing has various attributes:

 Access Types: This refers to the type of access such

as value based search, range access.

 Access Time: It refers to the time needed to find

particular data element.

 Insertion Time: It refers to the time taken to find the

appropriate space and insert a new value.

 Deletion Time: Time taken to find an item and delete it

as well as update the index.

 Space Overhead: It refers to the additional space

required by the index.