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Presented by - (Group-2) Shikha Gupta (11536019) Divya Sachan (11536009) Anuj Rajput (11536005)

The document proposes using directional antennas with the Sensor-MAC protocol to improve the performance of wireless sensor networks. Directional antennas focus signals into narrow beams, reducing multi-hop transmissions and avoiding unfair channel allocation. The exposed terminal problem occurs when a node is prevented from transmitting to an out-of-range node due to a transmitting neighbor. Two solutions are proposed: a new 802.11 backoff scheme called Active Neighbor Estimation that considers the number of active neighbors, and receiver beam forming antennas. Evaluation shows these approaches improve throughput in scenarios with hidden and exposed terminals.

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Divya Sachan
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149 views20 pages

Presented by - (Group-2) Shikha Gupta (11536019) Divya Sachan (11536009) Anuj Rajput (11536005)

The document proposes using directional antennas with the Sensor-MAC protocol to improve the performance of wireless sensor networks. Directional antennas focus signals into narrow beams, reducing multi-hop transmissions and avoiding unfair channel allocation. The exposed terminal problem occurs when a node is prevented from transmitting to an out-of-range node due to a transmitting neighbor. Two solutions are proposed: a new 802.11 backoff scheme called Active Neighbor Estimation that considers the number of active neighbors, and receiver beam forming antennas. Evaluation shows these approaches improve throughput in scenarios with hidden and exposed terminals.

Uploaded by

Divya Sachan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presented by(Group-2) Shikha Gupta(11536019) Divya Sachan(11536009) Anuj Rajput(11536005)

Proposed solution
we have proposed the directional antenna based MAC protocol that used with Sensor-MAC Protocol to increase the performance of the output of wireless sensor network. In Directional antenna based MAC protocol. since the signals are focus on a narrow beam with large distance the number of multi-hop can be reduced. The directional antennas focus energy in a particular direction, so that unfair channel allocation and wastage of channels between each node can be avoided.

Exposed terminal problem

Exposed terminal problem.. contd


The exposed node problem occurs when a node is prevented from sending packets to other nodes due to a neighboring transmitter.

Consider the below figure 2, an example of nodes labeled A, B, C, and D, where the two receivers are out of range of each other, yet the two transmitters in the middle are in range of each other. Here, if a transmission between A and B is taking place, node C is prevented from transmitting to D as it concludes after carrier sense that it will interfere with the transmission by its neighbor node B. However note that node D could still receive the transmission of C without interference because it is out of range from B.
Therefore, implementing directional antenna at a physical layer in each node could reduce the probability of signal interference, because the signal is propagated in a narrow band.

Fact: radio ranges play key role in fairness


Three radio ranges are of interest: Transmission range (TX_Range): represents the range within which a packet is successfully received if there is no interference from other radios Carrier sensing range (CS_Range): is the range within which a transmitter triggers carrier sense detection Interference range (IF_Range): is the range within which stations in receive mode will be interfered with by an unrelated transmitter and thus suffer a loss Relationship of three ranges

TX_Range < IF_Rangemax < CS_Range

Unfairness in simple TCP test case


connection0 connection1

1 Dist(1,2)

Trans. range = 376m Dist(0,1) = Dist(2,3) = 300m

1000

Throughput (kbps)

800

600
400

0->1 2->3

200
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Dist(1,2) (m)

Throughput of FTP/TCP connections for variable Dist(1,2) TCP Window = 1pkt


D < 300m; almost fair D = 300m; connection (0,1) dominates 300 < D < 600, connection (2,3) dominates

TX Range is approx. 250m and CS Range approx. 550m. This simply means that nodes within TX Range can detect as well as decode the packet correctly but nodes outside TX Range but within CS Range are only able to detect the packet. This further implies that such nodes(outside TX Range) would back off for EIFS and not DIFS. If a node sends an RTS and does not receive a CTS, it doubles its contention window and then retries.

Analysis: From the graph we can conclude that there is Exposed Terminal Problem.
Exposed Terminal Problem occurs when a node is prevented from sending packets to other nodes due to a neighbouring transmitter. This problem lead to the short term unfairness and long term unfairness.

Proposed solutions
In our research, we have developed and tested two

solution approaches: New 802.11 back off scheme: Active Neighbor Estimation (MAC level solution) Receiver Beam Forming (RBF) antenna (physical level solution)

TCP Unfairness: ANE Solution


Active Neighbor Estimation Based Back off (ANE)
Active Neighbor Estimation An active neighbor list is maintained at each node Each node passively counts # of active neighbors from overheard MAC packets (RTS, DATA) Neighbor Information Exchange A one-byte ANE field is appended to the MAC header of each packet, thus broadcasting ANE to all neighbors Each node learns the # of active neighbors of its neighbors

TCP Unfairness: ANE Solution (cont)


Back off scheme
Let: N = # of backlogged nodes competing with this transmitter Nt = ANE at the transmitter; Nr = ANE at the receiver
Theory predicts (see Gallager and Bertsekas Computer Networks) that the optimal retransmission probability is proportional to 1/(N +1), where N is the number of other stations competing with you Transmitter does not know N, but can bound it as follows:

MAX(Nt + Nr) <= N <= SUM(Nt + Nr)


Note: the sets of active nodes for Transmitter and receiver are typically overlapped

TCP Unfairness: ANE Back off Scheme


In 802.11, the Contention Window CW determines the retransmission interval. Backoff time is a function of CW.
In current 802.11, CW is doubled at each retransmission (BEB) In the ANE implementation: CW = aCWmin + aCWmin*N Backoff_Time = Random([0, CW]) x aSlotTime where aCWmin , aSlotTime and Random() are variables or functions defined in the original 802.11 specs Note: in the next aCWmin slots, each backlogged node has 1/(N +1) probability to transmit, as prescribed by theory

ANE evaluation: hidden and exposed terminals


0 ftp 0 1 2 ftp 1 3

Dist (1,2) = 400


600

Throughput (kbps)

500 400 ftp 0 300 200 100 0


original 802.11 802.11+ANE(max) 802.11+ANE(sum)

ftp 1

FTP connections are in opposite directions

ANE evaluation: hidden and exposed terminals


0 ftp 0 1 2 ftp 1 3

Dist (1,2) = 400


800 700

Throughput (kbps)

600 500 400 300 200 100 0


original 802.11 802.11+ANE(max) 802.11+ANE(sum)

ftp 0 ftp 1

FTP connections are in same direction

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