“INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMISTRY”
Objectives/Outlines
Define chemistry and its concerned branches
Relationship of biochemistry with nursing
Classification of matter
Atom and its structure
Chemical formulas
Types of chemical reaction
Types of chemical bond
DEFINITION:
Chemistry, a branch of physical science, is
the study of the composition, properties and
behavior of matter.
Chemistry is classified to 3 main areas:
Physical chemistry : It deals with general laws
and principles based on experiments of physical
and chemical changes.
Organic Chemistry: It is the science of carbon
containing compounds.
Inorganic Chemistry: It deals with the
properties and the changes of the minerals and
compounds obtained from the earth’s crust.
Biochemistry : deals with the composition of
material in living organism and the reaction
which occur in them.
Relationship of chemistry to nursing:
The science of Chemistry provides useful
information for nurses both in the form of
technical facts and concepts.
For example:
It provides the nurse with practical and functional
knowledge of certain principles that underline nursing
procedures.
Another example is the information regarding atoms,
molecules which help the nurse to understand better
the role of electrolytes in our body.
Understanding of solution for example will help us
understand how to dissolve a certain medicine in a
specific amount of solvent.
The information of gas laws will help us to understand
the usage of various machinery like autoclave, etc.
Matter:
States of matter:
There are 3 states of matter :
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Solids:
It is characterized by structural rigidity and
resistance to changes of shape or volume.
Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to
take on the shape of its container, nor does it
expand to fill the entire volume available to it
like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are
tightly bound to each other.
Liquid:
A liquid is a fluid. Unlike a solid,
the molecules in a liquid have a much greater
freedom to move. The forces that bind the
molecules together in a solid are only
temporary in a liquid, allowing a liquid to flow
while a solid remains rigid.
A liquid may not always mix readily with
another liquid.
Gas:
Gases have no definite volume or shape. If
unconstrained gases will spread out
indefinitely. If confined they will take the
shape of their container. This is because gas
particle have enough energy to overcome
attractive forces. Each of the particles are
well separated resulting in a very low density.
Element:
consists of only one kind of atom,
cannot be broken down into a simpler type of
matter by either physical or chemical means,
and
can exist as either atoms or molecules.
A molecule consists of two or more atoms of
the same element, or different elements, that
are chemically bound together. Note that the
two nitrogen atoms which comprise a
nitrogen molecule move as a unit.
Compound:
consists of atoms of two or more different
elements bound together,
can be broken down into a simpler type of
matter (elements) by chemical means (but not
by physical means),
has properties that are different from its
component elements, and
always contains the same ratio of its
component atoms.
Mixture:
consists of two or more different elements
and/or compounds physically intermingled,
can be separated into its components by
physical means, and
often retains many of the properties of its
components.
ATOM:
An element consist of a very tiny particles
called “Atom”.
An atom can be defined as the smallest
particles of an element that take part in
chemical reaction.
When two or more atom combine they form a
molecule.
Structure of atom:
Atoms are composed of three type of
particles:
Electron
Proton
Neutron
Both the protons and neutrons reside in the
nucleus.
Electrons reside in orbitals around the
nucleus.
Atomic number:
Protons have a positive (+) charge, neutrons have
no charge --they are neutral.
They have a negative charge (-).
“In chemistry and physics, the atomic
number (also known as the proton number) is the
number of protons found in the nucleus of
an atom and therefore identical to the charge
number of the nucleus”.
Mass number:
The sum of the numbers of proton and
neutron.
The nucleus of an atom gives its mass
number.
Mass number = proton number + neutron
number
Chemical formula:
A chemical formula is a way of expressing
information about the proportions of atoms
that constitute a particular chemical
compound, using a single line of chemical
element symbols, numbers, and sometimes
also other symbols, such as parentheses,
dashes, brackets, and plus (+) and minus (−)
signs.
Two types of formula:
Empirical : If the formula represent the
simplest ratio of the atoms present in a
molecule it is known as empirical formula .
Molecular formula: It shows the actual
numbers of the atoms present in the
molecule.
Substance Empirical Molecular
formula formula
Glucose CH2O C6H12O6
Hydrogen peroxide HO H2O2
Benzene CH C6H6
Chemical reaction:
Chemical reaction take place among atoms ,
ions ,or molecule .
The product of these reaction are entirely
different substance from the starting
substance the reactant.
Chemical equation:
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Types of chemical reaction:
There are six types of chemical reaction:
Combustion: A combustion reaction is
when oxygen combines with another
compound to form water and carbon
dioxide. These reactions are exothermic,
meaning they produce heat.
An example of this kind of reaction is the
burning of napthalene:
C10H8 + 12 O2 ---> 10 CO2 + 4 H2O
Synthesis:
Synthesis: A synthesis reaction is when two
or more simple compounds combine to form a
more complicated one. These reactions come
in the general form of:
A + B ---> AB
One example of a synthesis reaction is the
combination of iron and sulfur to form iron
(II) sulfide:
8 Fe + S8 ---> 8 FeS
Decomposition:
Decomposition: A decomposition reaction
is the opposite of a synthesis reaction - a
complex molecule breaks down to make
simpler ones. These reactions come in the
general form:
AB ---> A + B
One example of a decomposition reaction is
the electrolysis of water to make oxygen and
hydrogen gas:
2 H2O ---> 2 H2 + O2
Single displacement:
Single displacement: This is when one
element trades places with another element
in a compound. These reactions come in the
general form of:
A + BC ---> AC + B
One example of a single displacement
reaction is when magnesium replaces
hydrogen in water to make magnesium
hydroxide and hydrogen gas:
Mg + 2 H2O ---> Mg(OH)2 + H2
Double displacement:
Double displacement: This is when the
anions and cations of two different molecules
switch places, forming two entirely different
compounds. These reactions are in the
general form:
AB + CD ---> AD + CB
One example of a double displacement
reaction is the reaction of lead (II) nitrate
with potassium iodide to form lead (II) iodide
and potassium nitrate:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI ---> PbI2 + 2 KNO3
Acid-base:
Acid-base: This is a special kind of double
displacement reaction that takes place when an
acid and base react with each other. The H +ion in
the acid reacts with the OH- ion in the base, causing
the formation of water. Generally, the product of
this reaction is some ionic salt and water:
HA + BOH ---> H2O + BA
One example of an acid-base reaction is the
reaction of hydrobromic acid (HBr) with sodium
hydroxide:
HBr + NaOH ---> NaBr + H2O
Chemical Bonding:
A chemical bond is an attraction
between atoms that allows the formation
of chemical substances that contain two or
more atoms. The bond is caused by
the electrostatic force of attraction between
opposite charges, either
between electrons and nuclei, or as the result
of a dipole attraction.
Types of chemical bond:
Ionic bond.
Covalent bond.
Ionic bond:
When one or more electrons are completely
transfer from one to another atom ,
cations(+) and anions are formed.
The ions formed in the reaction are held
together by the attraction b/w their opposite
charges.
The attractive force is called “ Electrostatic
force”.
Covalent bond:
Compound in which atoms joins together by
sharing one or more pairs of their outer
electron are called “Covalent bond”.
Represent by a single horizontal line ( ____).
CO-Ordinate bond:
A dipolar bond, also known as coordinate
link, coordinate covalent bond, dative bond,,
is a description of covalent bonding between
two atoms in which both electrons shared in
the bond come from the same atom.
Atom that provide the pair of electron =
Donor
Atom that accepting a pair of electron =
Acceptor
Redox reaction:
Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions
include all chemical reactions in which atoms
have their oxidation state changed—that is,
redox reactions involve the transfer
of electrons between species.
Oxidation : is the loss of electrons or
an increase in oxidation state by
molecule, atom, or ion.
Reduction : is the gain of electrons or
a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule,
atom, or ion.
Example:
This can be either a simple redox process,
such as the oxidation of carbon to
yield carbon dioxide (CO
2) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to
yield methane (CH4), or a complex process
such as the oxidation of glucose(C6H12O6) in
the human body through a series of
complex electron transfer processes.
References
Biochemistry
For Bsc Nursing students
Guarpreet Kaur,2013
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