Operating system

Types of O.S
 DOS O.S
 Windows
 UNIX O.S
 Mac O.S
DOS Operating System
 DOS : Disk Operating System
 First Operating System Used for PC
 Single-User Operating System
 Single Task Operating System
 Developed 1980 by Microsoft when IBM assigned a
project to Microsoft for the development of 16-bit OS
 Some most commonly used Dos commands are
below
 CD: Change the current directory
 Copy : Copies a file
 DEL: Delete a file
 EDIT: Start an editor to create or edit plain text files.
 Format: format a disk to accept DOS files
 Help: Displays Information about a command
Windows OS
 Is a software that acts as an interface between
computer hardware components and user
 Most commonly used OS
 Base on GUI
 History of windows
 First window operating system Window 1.0 lunch
on Nov 20 1985
 Window 2.0 lunched December 9 1987 supported
desktop icons
 Window 95 lunched on august 24 1995
 Window 98 XP lunched june 25 1998
 Vista October 25 2001 and 2006
 Window 7 lunched October 2009
 Window 8 lunched October 2012
Features of windows OS
 Graphical Interface
 User Friendly
 Best for running PCs
 Not expensive for home users
 Supported by most of the software's.
 UNIX Operating System
 Multitasking and multi-user operating system

 Developed for large system Such is mainframe

computer
 Developed by Dennis Ritchie and their group

members at Bell Lab in 1969

 First developed in assembly language

 Mean Command line interface

 In 1973 it was redeveloped in C language

 Use GUI just like Microsoft Windows

 Updated with different version most popular types of

UNIX operating system are Sun Solaris , GNU/Linux

and Mac OS X.
 Macintosh OS designed for apple in 1984

 Supported GUI

 Mac Classic and Mac X


Types of Operating System
 Batch Processing Operating System:
 Is the type of operating system which collects
jobs in the batches before being processed by the
CPU
 Jobs store in Queues until the computer ready for
processing
 When fetches a job from the job queue then there
no interaction of user with computer to interrupt
the processing job until completion
 Students exam data store in Batch processing
 Electricity and telephone bills are processed
under the batch processing system
Multiprogramming operating system
 in Batch Os has the problem that processor often remain idle
when the process under execution due to external events
 Input output device are slow as compare to processor
 For the elimination this problem developed Multi-
programming Operating system
 Allow multiple computer programs simultaneously in single
processor
 Example typing in Ms word with listening to music with
background internet explore is downloading some pages
from internet.
 Working in window 7, XP and Linux environment is
multiprogramming
 Make efficient use of the processor by interleaving multiple
actives jobs
 Utilize and increase CPU execution
 Multi-Tasking Operating System
 Used to perform multiple task/Program on CPU at a time
 Example program 1, program 2 ….. Program 5 to run
same time on CPU
 Multiple users run on single CPU User 1 , User 2 …..
User 5
 Using-time sharing to assign time for program or user
 Switch program or user very fast speed
 Time sharing system also called time Slice or Quantum
 Each program/process has same time
 Working on Queue
 Process/program assign time expires and the process
still remains incomplete its added at the back of the
ready queue for its next turn
Advantages of Time sharing operating system
 Minimizes response time
 Supports user interactivity
 Process doesn’t wait for long time
 All process get equal chances for execution
Time sharing Vs Multitasking Operating system
 Multi-Tasking operating system is used in a
broad sense vs Time sharing OS have a
short time slices given to each process
 Multi tasking Os there is no time slice
 Multi tasking Os the process residing in the

main memory until to provide required input

or output devices vs
 Time sharing is slice or time base operating

system
Time sharing Vs Parallel Processing operating
system
 Time sharing operating system multiple task perform by
single processor
 Every user provide time slice
 Too much load on single process
 Heat up processor
 Slow processing
 Parallel process having multiple processor to perform
single or multiple task or Users
 No time sharing
 Time sharing example single cashier and users/tasks
having two line queue
 Parallel process example two cashier and user/task having
two line queue
 Ms word typing ,grammar checking same time etc at same
time in parallel processing
 High speed processor
Real time operating system
 Input given to system and produce
output/Response in limited time
 Use for special purpose application software
 Industrial purpose
 Embedded system( hardware base system)
 Example ATM Machine,
 Microwave oven response in limited time
 Space research use to find rocket position etc
Multi-processor operating system
 System having multiple Central Processing Unit
 And Operating system install on Multiple Central
Processing Unit is called Multiple processing
operating system
 CPU-1 CPU-1 etc using single Memory
/Input/output /busess to share resources
 To perform multiple task in short time because
run in parallel on multiple Processor
 Reliable in the situations of failure of one
processor
 Fail one CPU running execution continues
 Example at a time songs listing , word typing,
downloading etc
Advantages and disadvantages of Multiprocessor Operating
System

Increased Processing Power – biggest advantages of a multiprocessor
system, handle more tasks at once, means that it can handle more
complex tasks, such as video editing or rendering, more quickly and
efficiently
 Improved Performance –improve performance by distributing tasks
among different processors, This means that each processor can focus on a
specific task, which can lead to faster processing times and better overall
performance
 Cost-Effective –cost-effective, as it can provide better performance
without the need for expensive individual processors,
 Disadvantages of Multiprocessor System
 Increased Complexity – One of the biggest disadvantages of a
multiprocessor system, more complex than a single-processor system,
because it requires specialized software and hardware to manage the
multiple processors, which can be more difficult to set up and maintain
 Higher Cost – more expensive than single-processor systems
 Compatibility Issues –it can have compatibility issues with certain
software and hardware, This is because some programs may not be
designed to work with multiple processors, which can lead to errors and
other issues
 Power Consumption –consume more power than single-processor
systems, which can lead to higher energy bills, require more energy to run
 Key Difference Between Multiprocessing and
Multiprogramming
 Multiprocessing refers to the availability of more than one
processor per system that may execute multiple sets of
instructions simultaneously vs
 Multiprogramming is the process of running multiple programs in
the main memory at the same time
 The processing of jobs takes less time Vs
 The processing of the jobs takes longer
 More than one CPU is required Vs
 Only one CPU is required in multiprogramming
 This allows for the simultaneous execution of many processes Vs
 One process can be run at a time in this method
Parallel Processing in Operating System
 The processor works simultaneously in the system
 Task is divided into subparts
 subparts are then distributed among the available
processors in the system
 completes the job on the shortest possible time
 Consider the single-processor system as the one-man
company. In a one-man company the owner takes a task
finishes it and further takes another task to accomplish
 if the owner has to expand his business, he has to hire
more people. Hiring more people will distribute the
workload and allow him to finish the jobs faster. He will
also be able to increase his capacity for doing jobs. Or we
can say he will able to accept more jobs than earlier. This
strategy is similar to parallel processing
Distributed Operating System
 Several computer systems connected through a single
communication channel
 These systems have their individual processors and Memory
 These processors communicate through high-speed buses
 Individual systems that connect through a single channel are
considered as a single unit
 Resources should b shared
 It hides where is data and how to access the data
 Advantages of Distributed OS
 The load on the system decreases
 If one system stops it will not affect the other
 The system shares a workload that makes calculations easy
 Disadvantages of Distributed OS
 The cost for set up is more.
 Failure of the main system will affect the whole system.
 Programming is complex.
Embedded Operating System
 Specialized operating system (OS) designed to perform a
specific task for a device that is not a compute
 Designed for use in embedded computer systems
 limited features
 Also refers to a "real-time operating system“
 Perform specified tasks for non-computer devices
 Allows the executing programming codes that deliver
access to devices to complete their jobs
 Design for small Machines
 The embedded operating system is commonly used in
various areas, including car navigation systems, multimedia
players, airplane navigation systems, and medical
equipment
Single- User Operating and Multi-User Operating Systems
 Operating system can be divide in to two categories
 Single User and Multiple Operating System
 Single operating system useable by single
 allows a single user to perform only one task at a time
 Execute a single process at a time on a single processor
 Example Batch Operating System
 Multi_User Operating System
 Allows the permission of multiple users for accessing a
single machine at a time
 Multiple users accessing a single machine at a time
 Example Time sharing Operating System, Unix etc.
Operating System Functions
 An operating system is a piece of software that
manages files, manages memory, manages
processes, handles input and output, and controls
peripheral devices like disk drives and printers,
among other things
 Operating system Functions are below:
 Process Management
 Memory Management
 File Management
 Input/output System Management
 Secondary Storage Management
 Network Management
 Protection System
 Command-interpreter
Process Management
 The operating system determines which
processes have access to the processor
 how much processing time every process
has in a multiprogramming environment
 It keeps track of how processes are
progressing.
 A traffic controller is a program that
accomplishes this duty.
 Allocates a processor-based CPU to a
process. When a process is no longer
needed, the processor is de-allocated
 Memory Management
 The operating system is in charge of managing the
primary memory
 The main memory consists of a vast array of bytes or
words, each of which is allocated an address
 A program must first be loaded into the main memory
before it can be executed
 For memory management, the OS performs the
following tasks:
 The OS keeps track of primary memory – meaning,
which user program can use which bytes of memory,
memory addresses that have already been assigned, as
well as memory addresses yet to be used.
 The OS determines the order in which processes would
be permitted memory access and for how long in
multiprogramming.
 It allocates memory to the process when the process
asks for it and de-allocates memory when the process
exits or performs an I/O activity.
 File Management
 It organized into directories for efficient or
easy navigation and usage
 These directories may contain other

directories and other files

 keeps track of where information is stored
 User access settings
 the status of every file, and more
 OS keeps track of information regarding the

creation, deletion, transfer, copy, and storage

of files in an organized way
 Input/Output System Management:
 Input devices such is Keyboard ,Mouse
Disk drives etc
 To manage these I/O devices is called I/O

manager or devices manager and the

process is called I/O management
 Responsibilities I/O device manager to

allocate resources on request

 To used hardware required software must

be installed on the computer

 OS use of device driver software to access

and manage I/O Devices

Functions Operating system
 Secondary Storage Management:
 To managing the computer’s secondary storage
 Secondary storage is the computer’s long-term
memory
 Data is stored for future use
 management is responsible for keeping track of
what data is stored on the secondary Storage
devices
 Organized in a way that is efficient and easy to
access
 Also responsible for ensuring that the data on the
secondary storage devices is backed up and safe
from corruption or loss
 CD, CD-R, and CD-RW discs USB, HD etc examples
 Functions Operating system
 Network Management
 The process of administering and managing the
computer networks of an organization
 Includes the planning, design, implementation and
maintenance of the network infrastructure
 The aim of network management is to ensure that the
network resources are used efficiently and effectively
to meet the needs of the organization
 Network management is a complex process that
involves a variety of tasks and responsibilities
 The Network Manager software utility is intended to
simplify computer network administration
 Network Manager is available for Linux and Unix-based
operating systems
 The OSI, Internet, TMN, IEEE LAN/MAN, and Web-based
management models all have a common interface
 Functions of OS
Protection System:
 To connect multiple users trough server and concurrently access

and execute multiple processes and must be protected against

each other
 Give access to user

 Processes may not interface each other data

 The module of operating system to controlled such task is called

Protecting system
 Command Interpreter

 CLI ( Command line Interpreter)

 Its is a method to interact with Operating system

 Its provide two method for communication in user to computer

 1st CLI using command Inline interpreter to communicate with

computer
 2nd is GUI Graphical User Interface using Graphics to communicate

with computer
 Process Management
 Functions Of OS
 Process Management
 Process is the execution of a program that performs the actions specified in that
program
 The OS helps you to create, schedule, and terminates the processes
which is used by CPU
 A process created by the main process is called a child process
 controlled with the help of PCB(Process Control Block). You can consider
it as the brain of the process
 The Process is in Sequential Fashion(mean Codding running in 1 st line
the 2nd then it end)
 There are Five states in operating system, they are:
 New State: When a process is first created or is initialized by the
operating system it is in the new state
 In this state, the process is being prepared to enter the ready state
 Ready State: When a process is ready to execute it is in the ready
state.
 In this state, the process is waiting for the CPU to be allocated to it so
that it can start executing its instructions
 A process can remain in the ready state for an indeterminate period,
waiting for the CPU to become available
 Functions Of OS
 Running State: When the CPU is allocated to a process, it enters the
running state
 the process executes its instructions and uses system resources such as
memory, CPU, and I/O devices
 one process can be in the running state at a time, and the operating
system
 Blocked State/Waiting state: Sometimes, a process needs to wait for a
particular event, such as user input or data from a disk drive
 In such cases, the process enters the blocked state
 The process is not using the CPU, but it is not ready to run either
 The process remains in the blocked state until the event it is waiting for
occurs
 Terminated State: The terminated state is reached when a process
completes its execution or terminates by the operating system
 In this state, the process no longer uses any system resources, and its
memory space is deallocated
 Suspended State: When a process is temporarily removed from the
main memory and is stored on the disk to free up memory,
 The process is not actively executing, and its memory space is saved on
the disk
 When the process is needed again, it is loaded back into the main
memory and resumes execution
Process State Diagram
 Processes Vs Threads
 Process: Program In Execution
 Has its own data and files (P1 P2)
 Process run is separate memory
 No sharing of data
 Every process has its own data and files
 Processes run is separate memory space

 Thread: Subset of the Process

 All threads of a process shared data and files
 Threads run in shared memory space
 Threads run in shared memory space
 Mean all part of process present in share

memory