WEB ENGINEERING

Dr. Koyel Datta Gupta

Course Outcome 1
The student will be able to describe basic
internet protocols, XHTML, CSS style sheets.
UNIT I
History of the Internet, Basic internet protocols,
World Wide Web (W3C), HTTP: Hypertext Transfer
Protocol.
Markup languages-XHTML: Introduction to
HTML, basics of XTHML, HTML elements, HTML
tags, lists, tables, frames, forms, defining XHTML’s
abstract syntax, defining HTML documents.
CSS style sheets: Introduction, CSS core syntax,
text properties, CSS box model, normal flow box
layout, other properties like list, tables, DHTML,
XML, XML documents & vocabulary, XML versions
& declarations, Introduction to WML.
HISTORY OF INTERNET
It started as a research project to
experiment with connecting computers
together with packet switched networks.
Initiated and funded by US Defense
Department’s Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA).
1966 –1968: Computer Connection
1966 – Lawrence Roberts (MIT) publishes overall
plan for an ARPAnet, a proposed packet switch
network
1968 – ARPA awards contracts for four nodes in
ARPANET to
 UCLA (Network Measurement)
 Stanford Research Institute (Network Information
Center)
 University of California--Santa Barbara (Interactive
Mathematics)
 University of Utah (Graphics)
 BBN Technologies gets contract to build the
IMP(Interface Message Processor ) switches
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1967-1971
1967-1972 – Vint Cerf, graduate student in
Kleinrock’s lab, works on application level
protocols for the ARPANET (file transfer and
Telnet protocols)
1971 - Ray Tomlinson of BBN writes email
application; derived from two existing: an
intra-machine email program (SENDMSG)
and an experimental file transfer program
(CPYNET)

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1971-1973
Networks Growing
1970 - First cross-country link installed by
AT&T between UCLA and BBN at 56kbps
Other networks: ALOHAnet (microwave
network in Hawaii), Telenet (commercial,
BBN), Transpac (France)
1973 – Ethernet was designed in 1973 by
Bob Metcalfe at Xerox Palo Alto Research
Center (PARC)
How do we connect these networks together?

-7
1972-1974: Protocol Development
1972-1974 – Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf
develop protocols to connect networks
without any knowledge of the topology or
specific characteristics of the underlying nets
1972 – Robert Kahn gives first public
demonstration of ARPAnet (now 15 nodes) at
International Conference on Computer
Communication

-8
1974-1978: Development of TCP/IP
1974 – First full draft of TCP produced
November 1977 - First three-network TCP/IP
based interconnection demonstrated linking
SATNET, PRNET and ARPANET in a path
leading from Menlo Park, CA to Univ. College
London and back to USC/ISI (Marina del Ray,
CA)
1978 – TCP split into TCP and IP

-9
1981 –1984:
Base Protocols In Place
1981 – Term “Internet” coined to mean
collection of interconnected networks
1982 – ISO releases OSI seven layer model;
actual protocols die but model is influential
1/1/1983 – Original ARPANET NCP was
banned from the ARPANET and TCP/IP was
required
1984 – Cisco Systems founded

-10
The World Wide Web (www)
The Web
An infrastructure of information combined
and the network software used to access it
Web page
A document that contains or references
various kinds of data
Links A connection between one web page
and another

11
 The World Wide Web (www)
Website
A collection of related web pages
Web browser
A software tool that retrieves and displays
eb pages
Web server
A computer set up to respond to requests
for web pages

12
The World Wide Web (www)
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
A standard way of specifying the location of
a Web page, containing the hostname, "/",
and a file

13
The World Wide Web (www)

14
Internet vs. www
The Web is just one of the ways that
information can be disseminated over the
Internet.
The Internet, is also used for email, which
relies on SMTP, Usenet news groups, instant
messaging and FTP.
The Web is just a portion of the Internet.
Internet vs. www Internet World Wide Web
Estimated year of Origin 1969, though opening of the 1993
network to commercial interests
began only in 1988
Name of the first version ARPANET NSFnet
Comprises Network of Computers, copper Files, folders &
wires, fibre-optic cables & documents stored
wireless networks in various
computers
Governed by Internet Protocol Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol
Dependency This is the base, independent of It depends on
the World Wide Web Internet to work
Nature Hardware Software
OTHER WWW RELATED TERMS
Search Engines
Search Engine
A website that helps you find other websites

18
Instant Messaging
Instant messaging (IM)
 Applications that allow people to send short messages
 Similar to texting, but based on username not cellular
phone number
 Some applications allow more than two users in a chat
room
 If participants run application simultaneously, they can
have an interactive conversation
 Most applications use proprietary protocols that dictate
the precise format and structure of the messages
 Most instant messages are not secure

19
Weblogs
Blog or Weblog
An online journal or newsletter that is
frequently updated and intended for public
consumption

20
Cookies
Cookie
A small text file that a web server stores on
your local computer’s hard disk
A cookie contains information about your visit
to the site
Cookies can be used
 to determine number of unique visitors to the site
 to customize the site for future visits
 to implement shopping carts that can be maintained
from visit to visit
Cookies are not dangerous

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BASIC INTERNET PROTOCOLS:
ftp, telnet
Protocol
 Protocol is a convention
or standard that controls or
enables the connection ,
communication and data
transfer between two
computing end points
FTP & TELNET
FTP- Is a network protocol used for
transfering data from one computer to
another through a network such as Internet
(is commonly used for copying files to and
from other computers)
TELNET- Is a network protocol which is used
for communication between computers
FTP commands
• ASCII-to set the mode of file transfer to ASCII
• Binary-to set the mode of file transfer to binary
• Bey-to exit the FTP environment (same as quit)
• Delete-to delete (remove) a file in the current
remote directory
• Get-to copy one file from the remote machine to
the local machine
• Open-to open a connection with another
computer
• Rmdir-to remove (delete) a directory in the
current remote directory
TELNET commands
• Open-Use „open hostname” port number
to establish a Telnet connection to a host
• Close-Use the close command to close an
existing Telnet connection
• Display-Use the display command to view
the current settings for the Telnet client
• Quit-Use the quit command to exit from
Telnet.
• Status-Use the status command to
determine whether the Telnet client is
connected
• ?/help-Prints Help information
Differences between FTP and TELNET
• FTP is a two-way • TELNET is
system - it can be two –way
used to copy or system (with
move files from a authorization
server to a client ) it can be
computer as well used to copy
as upload or or moves files
transfer files from other
from a client to a computer
• server
FTP systems
generally encode • TELNET while
and transmit their connection
data in binary sets client-server
which allow for communication
faster data is non-coded
transfer
What is HTTP?
Protocol for transfer of various data formats
between server and client
Plaintext
Hypertext
Images
Video
Sound
Meta-information also transferred

HTTP 28
HTTP 1.0
Berners Lee, Fielding, Nielsen - 1995
Used in hypermedia systems distributed
across networks
Defines request-response conversation
Requesting program (client) establishes
connection with receiving program (server)
Client sends request to server
 HTTP specifies syntax

HTTP 29
HTTP 1.0
Defines request-response conversation
Server replies with response
 http specifies syntax
Does not handle network connectivity or how
information is transmitted
 TCP/IP does this

HTTP 30
HTTP 1.0
HTTP request
Method
URI
Protocol version
Optional other information
Method [Request URI] HTTP/1.0 <CRLF>

HTTP 31
HTTP 1.0
Method
Get
 Returns object
Head
 Returns information about object
Post
 Sends information to be stored on server or as input
to script

HTTP 32
HTTP 1.0
Method
Put
 Sends new copy of existing object to server
 Usually not allowed

Delete
 Deletes object
 Usually not allowed

HTTP 33
HTTP 1.0
Other information
User Agent
 Kind of browser
If-Modified-Since
 Returns object only if more recent than given date
 Otherwise returns status code 304

HTTP 34
HTTP 1.0
Other information
Accept
 Mime types which browser can accept
 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
 text/plain
 text/html
 application/postscript
 image/gif
 image/jpeg
 audio/basic
 video/mpeg
 x-world/x-vrml

HTTP 35
HTTP 1.0
Other information
Authorization
 User password
GET /X/Y/Z.HTML HTTP 1.0
User Agent: Prodigy-WB/1.3e
Accept: text/plain
Accept: text/html
Accept: application/postscript
Accept: image/gif
Accept: */*

HTTP 36
HTTP 1.0
HTTP response
Status line
 HTTP-version Status-code Reason
 Status-codes 1xx - Informational
 Reserved for future use

HTTP 37
HTTP 1.0
HTTP response
Status line
 Status-codes 2xx - Success
 The action was successfully received, understood,

and accepted
 200 OK
 201 POST command successful
 202 Request accepted
 203 GET or HEAD request fulfilled
 204 No content

HTTP 38
HTTP 1.0
HTTP response
Status line
 Status-codes 3xx - Redirection
 Further action must be taken in order to complete

request
 300 Resource found at multiple locations
 301 Resource moved permanently
 302 Resource moved temporarily
 304 Resource has not modified (since date)

HTTP 39
HTTP 1.0
HTTP response
Status line
 Status-codes 4xx - Client error
 The request contains bad syntax or cannot be

fulfilled
 400 Bad request from client
 401 Unauthorized request
 402 Payment required for request
 403 Resource access forbidden
 404 Resource not found
 405 Method not allowed for resource
 406 Resource type not acceptable
HTTP 40
HTTP 1.0
HTTP response
Status line
 Status-codes 5xx - Server error
 The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid

request
 500 Internal server error
 501 Method not implemented
 502 Bad gateway or server overload
 503 Service unavailable / gateway timeout
 504 Secondary gateway / server timeout

HTTP 41
HTTP 1.0
HTTP response
Description of information
 Server Type of server
 Date Date and time
 Content-Length Number of bytes
 Content-Type Mime type
 Content-Language English, for example
 Content-Encoding Data compression
 Last-Modified Date when last modified
 Expires Date when file becomes
invalid

HTTP 42
HTTP 1.0
Problems
HTTP is stateless
 Each request requires separate TCP connection
 Server doesn’t remember previous requests

HTTP 43