8085 INTERRUPTS

INTERRUPTS

Interrupt is a process where an external device can get the attention of the microprocessor.
The

process starts from the I/O device The process is asynchronous.

Classification of Interrupts
Interrupts

can be classified into two types:

Maskable Interrupts (Can be delayed or Rejected) Non-Maskable Interrupts (Can not be delayed or Rejected)

Interrupts can also be classified into:

Vectored (the address of the service routine is hardwired) Non-vectored (the address of the service routine needs to be supplied externally by the device)

INTERRUPTS

An interrupt is considered to be an emergency signal that may be serviced.

The

Microprocessor may respond to it as soon as possible.

What happens when MP is interrupted ?

When

the Microprocessor receives an interrupt signal, it suspends the currently executing program and jumps to an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) to respond to the incoming interrupt. Each interrupt will most probably have its own ISR.

RESPONDING TO INTERRUPTS
Responding to an interrupt may be immediate or delayed depending on whether the interrupt is maskable or non-maskable and whether interrupts are being masked or not. There are two ways of redirecting the execution to the ISR depending on whether the interrupt is vectored or non-vectored.
Vectored:

The address of the subroutine is already known to the Microprocessor Non Vectored: The device will have to supply the address of the subroutine to the Microprocessor
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THE 8085 INTERRUPTS

When a device interrupts, it actually wants the MP to give a service which is equivalent to asking the MP to call a subroutine. This subroutine is called ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) The EI instruction is a one byte instruction and is used to Enable the non-maskable interrupts. The DI instruction is a one byte instruction and is used to Disable the non-maskable interrupts. The 8085 has a single Non-Maskable interrupt.
The

non-maskable interrupt is not affected by the value of the Interrupt Enable flip flop.
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THE 8085 INTERRUPTS

The 8085 has 5 interrupt inputs.

The

INTR input.

The INTR input is the only non-vectored interrupt. INTR is maskable using the EI/DI instruction pair.
RST

5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5 are all automatically vectored.

RST 5.5, RST 6.5, and RST 7.5 are all maskable.

TRAP

is the only non-maskable interrupt in the

8085

TRAP is also automatically vectored

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THE 8085 INTERRUPTS

Interrupt name INTR RST 5.5 RST 6.5 RST 7.5 TRAP

Maskable Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Vectored No Yes Yes Yes Yes

8085 INTERRUPTS
TRAP RST7.5 RST6.5 RST 5.5 INTR INTA

8085

INTERRUPT VECTORS AND THE VECTOR TABLE

An interrupt vector is a pointer to where the ISR is stored in memory. All interrupts (vectored or otherwise) are mapped onto a memory area called the Interrupt Vector Table (IVT).
The

IVT is usually located in memory page 00 (0000H - 00FFH). The purpose of the IVT is to hold the vectors that redirect the microprocessor to the right place when an interrupt arrives.
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Example: Let , a device interrupts the Microprocessor using the RST 7.5 interrupt line.
Because

the RST 7.5 interrupt is vectored, Microprocessor knows , in which memory location it has to go using a call instruction to get the ISR address. RST7.5 is knows as Call 003Ch to Microprocessor. Microprocessor goes to 003C location and will get a JMP instruction to the actual ISR address. The Microprocessor will then, jump to the ISR location
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THE 8085 NON-VECTORED INTERRUPT PROCESS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

The interrupt process should be enabled using the EI instruction. The 8085 checks for an interrupt during the execution of every instruction. If INTR is high, MP completes current instruction, disables the interrupt and sends INTA (Interrupt acknowledge) signal to the device that interrupted INTA allows the I/O device to send a RST instruction through data bus. Upon receiving the INTA signal, MP saves the memory location of the next instruction on the stack and the program is transferred to call location (ISR Call) specified by the RST instruction

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THE 8085 NON-VECTORED INTERRUPT PROCESS

1. 2.

3.

Microprocessor Performs the ISR. ISR must include the EI instruction to enable the further interrupt within the program. RET instruction at the end of the ISR allows the MP to retrieve the return address from the stack and the program is transferred back to where the program was interrupted.

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THE 8085 NON-VECTORED INTERRUPT PROCESS

The 8085 recognizes 8 RESTART instructions: RST0 - RST7.

each

of these would send the execution to a predetermined hard-wired memory location:

Restart Instruction RST0 RST1 RST2 RST3 RST4 RST5 RST6 RST7 Equivalent to CALL 0000H CALL 0008H CALL 0010H CALL 0018H CALL 0020H CALL 0028H CALL 0030H CALL 0038H
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RESTART SEQUENCE

The restart sequence is made up of three machine cycles

In

the 1st machine cycle:

The microprocessor sends the INTA signal. While INTA is active the microprocessor reads the data lines expecting to receive, from the interrupting device, the opcode for the specific RST instruction.
In

the 2nd and 3rd machine cycles:

the 16-bit address of the next instruction is saved on the stack. Then the microprocessor jumps to the address associated with the specified RST instruction.
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ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTING INTR INTERRUPTS

How long can the INTR remain high?

The

INTR line must be deactivated before the EI is executed. Otherwise, the microprocessor will be interrupted again. Once the microprocessor starts to respond to an INTR interrupt, INTA becomes active (=0).

Therefore, INTR should be turned off as soon as the INTA signal is received.

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ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTING INTR INTERRUPTS

Can the microprocessor be interrupted again before the completion of the ISR?
As

soon as the 1st interrupt arrives, all maskable interrupts are disabled. They will only be enabled after the execution of the EI instruction.

Therefore, the answer is: only if we allow it to. If the EI instruction is placed early in the ISR, other interrupt may occur before the ISR is done.
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MULTIPLE INTERRUPTS & PRIORITIES

How do we allow multiple devices to interrupt using the INTR line?

The

microprocessor can only respond to one signal on INTR at a time. Therefore, we must allow the signal from only one of the devices to reach the microprocessor. We must assign some priority to the different devices and allow their signals to reach the microprocessor according to the priority.

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THE PRIORITY ENCODER

The solution is to use a circuit called the priority encoder (74LS148).

This

circuit has 8 inputs and 3 outputs. The inputs are assigned increasing priorities according to the increasing index of the input.

Input 7 has highest priority and input 0 has the lowest.

The

3 outputs carry the index of the highest priority active input.

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THE 8085 MASKABLE/VECTORED INTERRUPTS

The 8085 has 4 Masked/Vectored interrupt inputs.

RST

5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5

They are all maskable. They are automatically vectored according to the following table: Interrupt Vector
RST 5.5 RST 6.5 RST 7.5 002CH 0034H 003CH

The vectors for these interrupt fall in between the vectors for the RST instructions. Thats why they have names like RST 5.5 (RST 5 and a half).

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MASKING RST 5.5, RST 6.5 AND RST 7.5

These three interrupts are masked at two levels:

Through

the Interrupt Enable flip flop and the EI/DI instructions.

The Interrupt Enable flip flop controls the whole maskable interrupt process.

Through

individual mask flip flops that control the availability of the individual interrupts.
These flip flops control the interrupts individually.

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MASKABLE INTERRUPTS AND VECTOR LOCATIONS

RST7.5 Memory RST 7.5

M 7.5

RST 6.5
M 6.5

RST 5.5
M 5.5

INTR
Interrupt Enable Flip Flop

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THE 8085 MASKABLE/VECTORED INTERRUPT PROCESS

1.

2.

3.

4.

The interrupt process should be enabled using the EI instruction. The 8085 checks for an interrupt during the execution of every instruction. If there is an interrupt, and if the interrupt is enabled using the interrupt mask, the microprocessor will complete the executing instruction, and reset the interrupt flip flop. The microprocessor then executes a call instruction that sends the execution to the appropriate location in the interrupt vector table.

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THE 8085 MASKABLE/VECTORED INTERRUPT PROCESS

1.

2.

3.

4.

When the microprocessor executes the call instruction, it saves the address of the next instruction on the stack. The microprocessor jumps to the specific service routine. The service routine must include the instruction EI to re-enable the interrupt process. At the end of the service routine, the RET instruction returns the execution to where the program was interrupted.

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MANIPULATING THE MASKS

The Interrupt Enable flip flop is manipulated using the EI/DI instructions. The individual masks for RST 5.5, RST 6.5 and RST 7.5 are manipulated using the SIM instruction.
This

instruction takes the bit pattern in the Accumulator and applies it to the interrupt mask enabling and disabling the specific interrupts.

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HOW SIM INTERPRETS THE ACCUMULATOR

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

M5.5 M6.5 M7.5 MSE R7.5 XXX SDE SDO RST5.5 Mask RST6.5 Mask RST7.5 Mask

Serial Data Out

0 - Available 1 - Masked

Enable Serial Data 0 - Ignore bit 7 1 - Send bit 7 to SOD pin

Mask Set Enable 0 - Ignore bits 0-2 1 - Set the masks according to bits 0-2

Not Used

Force RST7.5 Flip Flop to reset

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SIM AND THE INTERRUPT MASK

Bit 0 is the mask for RST 5.5, bit 1 is the mask for RST 6.5 and bit 2 is the mask for RST 7.5.
If the mask bit is 0, the interrupt is available. If the mask bit is 1, the interrupt is masked.

Bit 3 (Mask Set Enable - MSE) is an enable for setting the mask.
If it is set to 0 the mask is ignored and the old settings remain. If it is set to 1, the new setting are applied. The SIM instruction is used for multiple purposes and not only for setting interrupt masks.

It is also used to control functionality such as Serial Data Transmission. Therefore, bit 3 is necessary to tell the microprocessor whether or not the interrupt masks should be modified

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SIM AND THE INTERRUPT MASK

The RST 7.5 interrupt is the only 8085 interrupt that has memory.
If a signal on RST7.5 arrives while it is masked, a flip flop will remember the signal. When RST7.5 is unmasked, the microprocessor will be interrupted even if the device has removed the interrupt signal. This flip flop will be automatically reset when the microprocessor responds to an RST 7.5 interrupt.

Bit 4 of the accumulator in the SIM instruction allows explicitly resetting the RST 7.5 memory even if the microprocessor did not respond to it. Bit 5 is not used by the SIM instruction

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USING THE SIM INSTRUCTION TO MODIFY THE INTERRUPT MASKS

Example: Set the interrupt masks so that RST5.5 is enabled, RST6.5 is masked, and RST7.5 is enabled.
- Enable 5.5 - Disable 6.5 - Enable 7.5 - Allow setting the masks - Dont reset the flip flop - Bit 5 is not used - Dont use serial data - Serial data is ignored

First,

determine the contents of the accumulator

bit 0 = 0 bit 1 = 1 bit 2 = 0 bit 3 = 1 bit 4 = 0 bit 5 = 0 bit 6 = 0 bit 7 = 0 M5.5 M6.5 M7.5 MSE R7.5 XXX SDE SDO 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Contents of accumulator are: 0AH

EI MVI A, 0A SIM

; Enable interrupts including INTR ; Prepare the mask to enable RST 7.5, and 5.5, disable 6.5 ; Apply the settings RST masks

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TRIGGERING LEVELS

RST 7.5 is positive edge sensitive.

When a positive edge appears on the RST7.5 line, a logic 1 is stored in the flip-flop as a pending interrupt. Since the value has been stored in the flip flop, the line does not have to be high when the microprocessor checks for the interrupt to be recognized. The line must go to zero and back to one before a new interrupt is recognized.

RST 6.5 and RST 5.5 are level sensitive.

The interrupting signal must remain present until the microprocessor checks for interrupts.
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DETERMINING THE CURRENT MASK SETTINGS

RIM instruction: Read Interrupt Mask

Load

the accumulator with an 8-bit pattern showing the status of each interrupt pin and RST7.5 Memory mask. RST 7.5
M 7.5 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

M5.5 M6.5 M7.5 IE P5.5 P6.5 P7.5 SDI

RST 6.5
M 6.5

RST 5.5
M 5.5 Interrupt Enable Flip Flop

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HOW RIM SETS THE ACCUMULATORS DIFFERENT BITS

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

M5.5 M6.5 M7.5 IE P5.5 P6.5 P7.5 SDI RST5.5 Mask RST6.5 Mask RST7.5 Mask

Serial Data In RST5.5 Interrupt Pending RST6.5 Interrupt Pending RST7.5 Interrupt Pending

0 - Available 1 - Masked

Interrupt Enable Value of the Interrupt Enable Flip Flop

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THE RIM INSTRUCTION AND THE MASKS

Bits 0-2 show the current setting of the mask for each of RST 7.5, RST 6.5 and RST 5.5
They return the contents of the three mask flip flops. They can be used by a program to read the mask settings in order to modify only the right mask.

Bit 3 shows whether the maskable interrupt process is enabled or not.

It returns the contents of the Interrupt Enable Flip Flop. It can be used by a program to determine whether or not interrupts are enabled.

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THE RIM INSTRUCTION AND THE MASKS

Bits 4-6 show whether or not there are pending interrupts on RST 7.5, RST 6.5, and RST 5.5
Bits 4 and 5 return the current value of the RST5.5 and RST6.5 pins. Bit 6 returns the current value of the RST7.5 memory flip flop.

Bit 7 is used for Serial Data Input.

The RIM instruction reads the value of the SID pin on the microprocessor and returns it in this bit.
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PENDING INTERRUPTS

Since the 8085 has five interrupt lines, interrupts may occur during an ISR and remain pending.
Using

the RIM instruction, it is possible to can read the status of the interrupt lines and find if there are any pending interrupts.

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TRAP

TRAP is the only non-maskable interrupt.

It

does not need to be enabled because it cannot be disabled.

It has the highest priority amongst interrupts. It is edge and level sensitive.
It

needs to be high and stay high to be recognized. Once it is recognized, it wont be recognized again until it goes low, then high again.

TRAP is usually used for power failure and emergency shutoff.

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THE 8085 INTERRUPTS

Interrupt Name INTR RST 5.5 / RST 6.5 RST 7.5 TRAP Maskable Masking Method DI / EI DI / EI SIM DI / EI SIM None Vectored Memory Triggering Method Level Sensitive Level Sensitive Edge Sensitive Level & Edge Sensitive

Yes Yes Yes No

No Yes Yes Yes

No No Yes No

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