Chapter 2: Database System
Concepts and Architecture
Presentation slides for
DATABASE SYSTEMS
by
Muhammad Waheed Aslam
KFUPM
Information & Computer Science Department
Outline
Data Models, Schemas, and Instances
• Categories of Data Models
• Schemas, Instances, and Database State
DBMS Architecture and Data Independence
• The Three-Schema Architecture
• Data Independence
Database Languages and Interfaces
• DBMS Languages
• DBMS Interfaces
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Outline
The Database System Environment
• DBMS Component Modules
• Database System Utilities
• Tools, Application Environments, and Communications Facilities
Classification of Database Management Systems
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Data Models, Schemas, and
Instances
Data Model
• A collection of concepts that can be used to describe the structure of
a database
• By the structure we mean the data types, relationships, and
constraints that should hold on the data
• Also includes basic operations for specifying retrievals and updates
on the database
• It is becoming more common to include concepts to specify the
dynamic aspect or behavior of a database application
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Categories of Data Models
Conceptual (high-level)
• Provide concepts that are close to the way many users perceive data
(Also called entity-based, object-based data models)
Physical (low-level)
• Provide concepts that describe details of how data is stored in the
computer
• Meant for computer specialists, not for typical end users
Implementation (representational)
• Provide concepts that may be understood by end users but that are
not too far removed from the way data is organized within the
computer
• Hide some details of data storage but can be implemented on a
computer system in a direct way
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Schemas, Instances, and DB
State
Database Schema (intension)
• The description of a database
• Not expected to change frequently
Schema Diagram
• A diagrammatic display of (some aspects of) a database schema.
Database State (extension)
• The data in the database at a particular moment of time
• Also called the current set of occurrences or instances
• Every update operation changes the database from one state to
another
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The Three-Schema Architecture
Internal Schema
• Describes the physical storage structure
• Uses a physical data model
Conceptual Schema
• Describes the structure of the whole database
• Uses a conceptual or an implementation data model
External Schema
• Includes a number user views
• Uses a conceptual or an implementation data model
Mappings
• The process of transforming requests and results between levels
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The Three-Schema Architecture
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Data Independence
Logical Data Independence
• The capacity to change the conceptual schema without having to
change the external schema or application programs
Physical Data Independence
• The capacity to change the internal schema without having to
change the conceptual schema
Advantages and disadvantages
• The three -Schema Architecture can make it easier to achieve true
data independence
• Mappings create an overhead during compilation or execution of a
query or a program
• Not implemented fully by DBMSs
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DBMS Languages
Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Used by the DBA and database designers to define the conceptual
schema of a a database
• In many DBMSs, the DDL is also used to define the internal and
external schemas
• In some DBMSs, separate storage definition (SDL) and view
definition language (VDL) are used to define internal and external
schemas
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• DML commands can be used as stand-alone (query language) or
can be embedded within a general-purpose language
• Procedural DML - allows user to tell system exactly how to
manipulate data
• Non-Procedural DML - allows user to state what data is needed
rather than how it is to be retrieved
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DBMS Interfaces
Menu-based Interfaces for Browsing
Forms-based Interfaces
Graphical User Interfaces
Natural Language Interfaces
Interfaces for Parametric Users
Interfaces for The DBA
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DBMS Component Modules
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Database System Utilities
Loading
Backup
File Reorganization
Performance monitoring
Other Utilities
• Sorting files
• Handling data compression
• Monitoring access by users
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Environments, and
Communications Facilities
CASE tools
• Used in the design phase
Expanded Data Dictionary(information repository)
• Stores catalog information about schemas and constraints
• Stores other information such as design decisions, usage standards,
application program descriptions, and user information
Application Development Environments
• Provide an environment for developing database applications
• Include facilities for database design, GUI development, querying
and updating, and application program development
Communications software
• Allow users to access database from remote location
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Classification of DBMSs
Data Model
Number of Users
Number of Sites
Cost
Types of Access Path
Purpose
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