Breeding of

Jackfruit

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Presented By,

Miftahul Jannat (19-09654)

Md. Ariful Islam Antu (19-09499)
Md. Habib Hasan Himel (19-09511)
Ahsanul Ibad Radif (19-09545)
MD. Imran (19-09648)

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 Table of contents

• Introduction
• Distribution
• Health benefits
• Nutritional value
• Uses
• Breeding objective
• Breeding behaviour
• Breeding methods
• Research Finding
• Recommendations & Reference

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 Introduction
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.)
• Belongs to the Moraceae family; a tropical evergreen tree.
• Produces the largest edible fruit in the world (up to 50 kg/fruit).
• Known as ‘Kanthal’ in Bangladesh. It is the national fruit of the country.
• Increasing demand due to:
-Low price
-High nutritional value
-Multiple culinary uses
-Commercial potential
• Often called "poor man’s food" due to abundance and affordability.

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• Nutritional profile (flesh): rich in sugars, dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins,
and organic acids.
• Used in various products: salads, jams, chutneys, cakes, juices, fermented
beverages, etc.
• Seeds: high in starch , protein, and minerals; consumed boiled, roasted, or
in syrup.
• Increasing popularity in the global vegan market as a meat substitute (due
to fibrous texture).
• Used in making vegan pulled pork, curry, and plant-based snacks.

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Botanical Classification

• Kingdom: Plantae
• Phylum: Tracheophyta
• Class: Magnoliopsida
• Order: Rosales
• Family: Moraceae
• Genus: Artocarpus
• Species: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

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Categorization of Jackfruit
• Based on Fruit Texture
Jackfruit is commonly divided into two major types:
-Soft or Ghila Type (Narikel Kanthal): Flesh is soft, mushy, and slippery
when ripe. Very sweet, aromatic, and juicy. Less suitable for cooking.
Preferred for fresh consumption.
-Firm or Khaja Type (Kathal/Khaja Kanthal): Flesh is firm, crispy, and less
juicy. Sweet but less aromatic. Good for both ripe eating and cooking. Longer
shelf-life.
Many commercial varieties are hybrids or intermediate types between these
two.

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• Based on Use
-Table (Dessert) Type: Eaten ripe, raw as fruit. Examples: Singapore, Honey
Jackfruit
-Cooking Type (Vegetable Type): Harvested unripe and cooked as a
vegetable. Less sweet varieties. Examples: Local types in Bangladesh and
India.
-Dual Purpose Type: Suitable for both raw cooking and ripe eating.
Examples: Some hybrid varieties.

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 Distribution
Origin: Jackfruit is believed to have originated from the
Western Ghats region of India.
Region Countries

South Asia India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan

Southeast Asia Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam

East Asia Southern China (e.g., Yunnan, Hainan)

Africa Kenya, Uganda, Nigeria, Tanzania

Central & South America Brasil, Suriname, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Mexico

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Ecological Requirements

• Grows best in humid tropical climates with annual rainfall

of 1000–2400 mm.
• Prefers low elevations, but can grow up to 1,500 meters
in some regions.

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 Rich in
Nutrients
Boosts Promotes
Immunity Heart Health
Supports Enhances
Digestive Skin and
Health Vision

Regulates
May Aid in
Blood
Weight Loss
Pressure

Helps
Supports
Manage
Bone Health
Blood Sugar

Fig-1: Health benefits of jackfruit

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 Limitations and Side
Effects of Jackfruit

While jackfruit has many health benefits, it’s important to

understand that no food is perfect for everyone. Jackfruit
may have some drawbacks or limitations for certain people
or situations:

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 Jackfruit may trigger allergic reactions, especially in
people allergic to birch pollen or latex due to cross-
Allergenic
reactive proteins. Symptoms can include itching,
Potential hives, swelling, sneezing, or, in severe cases,
anaphylaxis.

Ripe jackfruit is high in natural sugars and may spike

High Glycemic Natural glucose levels. Diabetics and prediabetics
blood
greening
should limit intake to avoid complications.

Jackfruit is low in protein (~1.7g/100g), making it

Low in Protein unsuitable as a primary protein source for muscle
building or repair.
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 Jackfruit is high in fiber (10–15%), which may cause
Digestive Issues bloating, gas, cramping, or loose stools,
especially in those with sensitive digestion or IBS.

May interact with medications, especially anti-

Interact with diabetics
Natural (risk of hypoglycemia) and potassium-
Medications related
greeningdrugs. Caution is advised for patients on
blood thinners or potassium-sparing meds.

Not Widely Jackfruit is seasonal and may be costly or only available

canned with added sugars in non-tropical regions.
Available
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 Jackfruit may contain fermentable oligosaccharides that
FODMAP
can trigger symptoms in people following a low-FODMAP
Concerns diet.

Over- Jackfruit’s sweet taste can lead to overeating, causing

excess
Natural sugar, calories, digestive issues, and
consumption potential
greening electrolyte imbalance from high
Risk potassium.

Jackfruit may contain oxalates, potentially increasing

Oxalate kidney stone risk. Those with a history of stones
Content should consume it in moderation.
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Fig-2: Health benefits of Jackfruit
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seeds
 Health Benefits
Green
of Jackfruit as
a Vegetable

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1. Diabetes-Friendly (Low Glycemic Index)
 Raw jackfruit has a low glycemic index (GI).

2. Rich in Dietary Fiber

 High in insoluble fiber, which Improves digestion

3. Supports Weight Loss

 Low in calories and fat.

4. Good for Heart Health

 Contains potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure.
 The fiber and antioxidants help lower bad cholesterol (LDL).
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5. Aids in Digestive Health
 Prevents bloating and constipation when eaten in moderation.

6. Boosts Immunity
 Contains vitamin C, antioxidants, and plant polyphenols.

7. Supports Colon Health

 Fiber content helps in the detoxification of the colon.
 May help reduce the risk of colon cancer.

8. High in Resistant Starch

 Acts like soluble fiber and Feeds beneficial gut bacteria.

9. Rich in Vitamins & Minerals

 Provides B-complex vitamins (B6, niacin) for energy and brain health.
 Contains iron, magnesium, and calcium — helpful for blood and bone health. 19
Uses of
Jackfruit

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🍈 Uses of Jackfruit Flesh
🔹 Unripe (Vegetable) Flesh
 Cooked as curry or sabji
 Used in biryani or pulao
 Stir-fried as a vegan meat substitute

🔹 Ripe Flesh
 Eaten fresh as fruit,
 Used in sweet dishes, desserts, kheer
 Processed into jams, jellies, toffees, or candies
 Blended in milkshakes, smoothies, ice creams
 Dried and preserved as jackfruit leather
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🌰 Uses of Jackfruit Seeds
 Boiled or roasted and eaten as snack
 Ground into flour to mix with wheat flour for chapati

🌿 Uses of Leaves
 Fodder for cattle, goats, and buffaloes
 In organic farming, used in compost and mulching

🌳 Uses of Bark and Wood

 Wood (Jackwood)
 Valuable timber for furniture, doors, windows, musical instruments
 Bark
 Source of yellow dye 22
🌰 Culinary Innovations
 Seeds roasted and powdered as coffee substitute in some regions

🌿 Environmental Uses
 Large canopy provides shade for intercrops
 Enhances microclimate and supports biodiversity (birds, insects)

⚗️Research and Biotechnological Uses

 Seeds studied for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties

🌼 Uses of Latex
 Obtained from tree sap
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🌳 Food Processing Industry
 Canned jackfruit (ripe pulp or tender unripe as vegetable/meat substitute)
 Frozen jackfruit products
 Jackfruit chips (crispy fried slices)

🏭 Bakery and Confectionery

Jackfruit flour blended into bread, cake, and biscuit formulations
Pulp used in jams, jellies, candies, barfi, halwa

🍬 Beverage Industry
Jackfruit nectar, squash, RTS (Ready to Serve) drinks
Fermented alcoholic beverages (jackfruit wine)

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🧪 Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications
Extraction of antioxidants, flavonoids, phenolics
Functional foods
Herbal formulations

🧴 Cosmetics Industry
Polyphenol-rich extracts for skin formulations (anti-aging, anti-
inflammatory products)

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CUSTOMER
Fruit Size: Too small/big Fruit Taste: Not good enough

Bulb No: Not Efficient Stickiness: Not appealing

PROBLEMS
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INDUSTRY
Product Quality Product Innovation

Product Supply Tech Adoption

PROBLEMS
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DISTRIBUTION
Handling Storage

Delivery Time Service

PROBLEMS
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ENTERPRENEURS
Budget Unpredictability

Culture & Emotions Profit

PROBLEMS
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RESEARCHER
Innovation Fixation

Alternative Germplasm

PROBLEMS
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BREEDER
Long juvenile phase Lack of controlled pollination

High genetic heterogeneity Limited germplasm access

PROBLEMS
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BREEDER
Large tree size Tech adoption

Inconsistant flowering & Institutional support

fruiting

PROBLEMS
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LONG JUVENILE
Challenge: Jackfruit trees take 7–10 years to bear fruit, slowing breeding cycles.

Mitigation: Use grafting and vegetative propagation to speed up fruiting; select early-
bearing genotypes.

FAQ
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HETEROZYGOSITY
Challenge: High genetic variability complicates selection for stable traits.

Mitigation: Employ clonal propagation of elite selections; use molecular markers to track
desirable genes.

FAQ
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POLLINATION
Challenge: Difficulty in hand pollination due to flower structure and environment.

Mitigation: Develop efficient pollination protocols; use controlled environment chambers

for crosses.

FAQ
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PEST & DISEASE
Challenge: Stem borer, fruit rot, and other pests reduce yield and quality.

Mitigation: Incorporate pest resistance in breeding; promote integrated pest management

(IPM).

FAQ
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GERMPLASM
Challenge: Insufficient access to diverse parent material limits breeding progress.

Mitigation: Expand germplasm collection nationally and internationally; collaborate with

foreign research bodies.

FAQ
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CLIMATE
Challenge: Drought, flooding, and temperature extremes affect tree health and fruiting.

Mitigation: Breed for abiotic stress tolerance; implement site-specific agro-techniques.

FAQ
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RESEARCH
Challenge: Limited labs, field stations, and funding slow research.

Mitigation: Advocate for increased government and private sector support; seek
international grants.

FAQ
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FARM
Challenge: Slow adoption due to lack of awareness or access to improved planting
materials.

Mitigation: Conduct participatory breeding and extension programs; strengthen nursery

networks.

FAQ
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WASTAGE
Challenge: High spoilage reduces breeder reputation and market value.

Mitigation: Select for shelf-life traits; train farmers in post-harvest handling.

FAQ
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MARKET DYNAMICS
Challenge: Changing consumer preferences affect variety success.

Mitigation: Continuous market surveys; breed varieties targeting both fresh and processed
markets.

FAQ
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 OBJECTIVES C
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DISEASE
Jackfruit is affected by several diseases such as
fruit rot caused by Rhizopus and Phytophthora,
dieback by Botryodiplodia theobromae, and
anthracnose by Colletotrichum species. These
diseases can reduce fruit quality, yield etc.

DEFENSE
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ENVIRONMENT
Extreme heat, waterlogging, or prolonged drought
can lead to poor fruit development, increased
disease incidence, and reduced productivity.

DEFENSE
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NUTRITION
Jackfruit trees show poor growth, yellowing
leaves, and reduced fruit size due to nutrient
deficiencies like nitrogen, potassium, and zinc.
Prolonged deficiency weakens the tree, lowers
yield, and makes it more prone to pests and
diseases.

DEFENSE
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CYTOGENETICS
Chromosome number:
2n = 56

Ploidy level:
Auto-tetraploid

Center of orgin: South & Southeast Asia

BIOLOGY
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FLOWER
Monoecious: Male and female flowers on same
tree
Inflorescence type: Spike (racemose)
Catkins, Spadix (female)

Position: Cauliflorous – flowers grow on trunk and

large branches.

BIOLOGY
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MALE FLOWER
Type: Cylindrical spikes
Color: Yellowish to green in color
Length: 10–20 cm long
Position: On the tips of branches
Attributes:
Numerous tiny flowers packed densely, comes
first & shed pollen and fall off after maturity.

BIOLOGY
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FEMALE FLOWER
Size: Short and stout, 3-8 cm long
Position: Found on older branches and trunk
Type: Thick spikes (3–8 cm long).
Attributes:
Each contains a single ovary, develops into the
large jackfruit after fertilization.

BIOLOGY
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POLLINATION
Type: Cross-Pollination
Mode: Anemophilus (Wind)
Insect (Beetle & Stingless bee)
By Hand
Fungus (Gall-midge species) USDA ARS

BIOLOGY
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Breeding Methods of
Jackfruit
From Ancient Selection to the Genomic Revolution
🌳Breeding Overview
🌱 Traditional Methods:
Seed propagation and clonal selection
🔬 Controlled Hybridization:
Targeted crosses for superior traits
🧬 Modern Biotechnologies:
Tissue culture and CRISPR genome editing
🤖 Innovations in Breeding:
AI-driven trait prediction, drone phenotyping, and blockchain for
germplasm tracking
🌱Seed Propagation
Maintains genetic diversity and produces rootstocks
Method: Ferment seeds → wash → dry → sow
85% germination achieved using float test for seed viability
Limitation: Seeds are recalcitrant, viable for only ~45 days
Viability improvements: Shade drying combined with early sowing
🌿Clonal Selection
Vegetative propagation (grafting/root cuttings) from elite trees with
desirable traits.
• Loss risk: 35% wild germplasm gone (IUCN 2023)

💡 Strategic Insight
Bangladesh’s 45° root cuttings offer the fastest poverty reduction, while
grafting ensures long-term genetic preservation
🌿Controlled Hybridization
Key Steps:
1. Bag flowers early (6 AM) to prevent unwanted pollination
2. Apply mixed pollen (8 AM) for controlled fertilization
3. Harvest hybrid fruits at maturity
4. Use embryo rescue techniques for weak or less viable hybrids
Successful Outcome:
‘EG Super’ variety (Philippines)
25% larger edible portion than parents
98% seed germination rate
🌱Micropropagation in Bangladesh
🧫 Established Protocol
Shoot tips are surface sterilized
Cultured on MS medium + BAP for shoot induction
Subcultured every 21 days for multiplication
Rooting induced with IBA, followed by hardening phase
🏢 Institutional Output
Over 5,000 plants produced annually via BARI-JICA collaboration
💧 Innovation in Acclimatization
Use of hydrogel in hardening stage
Achieved 92% survival rate during transfer to field
Bangladesh’s Integrated Approach
Program Element Details Impact & Metrics

Program › OCOP (One Commune One Product) Funding: $2.1M (70% FAO / 30% GoB)
› Launched: 2018 (FAO + Bangladesh Ag) Scale: National value chain

Core Innovation › Farmer-researcher collaboration 500+ farmers trained

› BARI Jackfruit-1 (2021) 30% adoption ↗️in Gazipur
› Grafting → 4-year yield (vs 8+ yrs)
Implementation Propagation Efficiency

1. 🧬 Germplasm Collection › 42 elite accessions (8 districts) › 12.3 shoots/explant

2. 🔬 Central Nursery › BARI lab → Gazipur hardening › 500 plants/mother tree/year

3. Farmer Training › 5-day workshops Survival Rate

4. 📦 Market Linkage › Hubs → Dhaka/Chittagong processors 92% survival (OCOP farms)

vs 40% (seedlings)
🧬 Genetic Advances in Jackfruit
Improvement
🧪 Genetic Engineering 🇮🇳 India (ICAR-IIHR) 🇲🇾 Malaysia (MARDI)

🔹 CRISPR: Knockout of 🔹 SSR Markers: JrSSR- 🔹 SNP Genotyping:

JrGA20ox1 (Thailand, 18, JrSSR-29 ➡ QTL JrPR1 gene ➡ Fruit rot
2023) mapping for pulp resistance
thickness
✅ Outcome: 🌟 ‘Honey Gold’ (2019) 🧪 Field Validation
• 40% plant height • 28°Brix • 80% disease
reduction • 15mm flake reduction in Johor
thickness
🎯 Purpose: 🌱 ‘Swaroopa’ (2022) •
• Solve tree size Drought-tolerant via
challenge for orchards JrDREB2 marker
🌱Smart Breeding Tools & Vision
🔍 Precision Technologies
Drone phenotyping using YOLOv5 for Brix & fruit count detection
AI trait prediction with 92% accuracy
Quantum computing for advanced G×E (Genotype × Environment) analysis
🧠 Smart Breeding Approaches
AI-assisted breeding platforms → 30% faster variety release
Robotic pollination for precision & efficiency
Synthetic biology to reduce latex content in fruits
🌐 Digital Integration
Blockchain to track germplasm and ensure breeding transparency
🌿 Future-Proofing & Commercialization
Climate-resilient traits: salt and heat tolerance genes
Export-ready innovations: seedless fruits, vegan leather from jackfruit
🚧Breeding Constraints
🌳 Germplasm Loss:
Deforestation has caused ~25% genetic erosion
🧬 Propagation Challenges:
18% polyembryony leads to clonal mix-ups
🧠 Low Farmer Awareness:
68% farmers unaware of basic practices like float testing
🧊 No Seed Banking:
Cryopreservation is urgently recommended for germplasm conservation
⏳ Slow Breeding Cycle:
Long juvenile phase & seasonal flowering hinder crossing
🧪 Limited Genetic Tools:
Scarcity of molecular markers & genomic data
💰 Funding & Collaboration Gaps:
Weak coordination among institutions, limited R&D investment
 • Genomics:

Future - Pan-genome project (1000 accessions)

- AI-breeding platform (30% faster variety
Roadma release)
• Climate Resilience:
p - Salt-tolerant rootstocks (JrNHX1 gene)

2025- - Heat-flowering triggers (JrFT edits)

• Market Expansion:

2030 - Jackfruit vegan leather hubs

- Seedless fresh segments for EU markets
Vision:
Investment Needed: $12M (70% private
sector)

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Jackfruit Research Findings
 REFERENCES
1. Vazhacharickal, P. J., et al. (2016).
Chemistry and Medicinal Properties of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus): A Review on
Current Status of Knowledge.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem-Vazhacharickal/publication/304605177_
2. Muyonga, J. H., & Nansereko, S. (2021).
Exploring the Potential of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam).
https://www.academia.edu/111687399/Exploring_the_Potential_of_Jackfruit_Artocarp
us_heterophyllus_Lam_
3. Islam, T., et al. (2022).
Whole-genome sequencing of a year-round fruiting jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus
Lam.).
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1044420/
full
4. Umennadi, R. O., et al. (2023).
Comparative Studies on the Nutrient Composition and Antioxidant Activities of the Leaf,
Pulp, and Seed Extracts of Jackfruit.
https://bioscientistjournal.com/index.php/The_Bioscientist/article/view/158
5. Sutthisa, W., et al. (2025).
Antimicrobial Efficiency and Chemical Composition of Jackfruit Extracts from Different
Plant Parts.
https://tjnpr.org/index.php/home/article/view/6018
Singh, A.K. et al. (2021). Draft Genome of Jackfruit. ICAR-IIHR.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00988-7
Rangsit University (2023). CRISPR-Mediated Dwarfing in Jackfruit.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111789
Haq, N. (2006). Jackfruit: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI.
https://www.cabi.org/bookshop/book/9781845931620
IUCN (2023). Red List of Threatened Jackfruit Wild Relatives.
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/33232/191267224
FAO (2023). OCOP Impact Assessment in Bangladesh.
http://www.fao.org/3/cc5043en/cc5043en.pdf
BARI (2023). Farmer Adoption Metrics for Jackfruit Grafting.
http://www.bari.gov.bd/publication/annual-report
MARDI (2024). Drone-Based Yield Prediction in Perennials.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2024.108822

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THANK
YOU