Peter Linz K.L.

P Mishra Ullman

 An

automaton is an abstract model of a digital computer. It has a mechanism of reading input. It may have temporary storage device, which will store symbols. The automation has a control unit , which can be in any one of a finite number of internal states and which can change state in some defined manner.
Input

st storage
Control Unit

output

 Eg:

A binary adder is an integral part of any general purpose computer. Such an adder takes two bit strings representing numbers and produces their sum as output. bi
0 1 1 No carry 0 Carry

ai

0 1

O No carry 1 No carry

ai bi

di
Adder

The inputs are the bit pairs (ai,bi), the output will be the sum bit di. We represent the automation by a graph now labeling the edges (ai,bi)/di

(0,1)/1 (0,0)/0 (1,0)/1 (1,1)/0 (0,1)/0

(1,0)/0 (1,1)/1

No carry
(0,0)/1

carry

 Deterministic

automata: In this each move is uniquely determined by the current configuration. If we know the internal state, the input and the contents of the temporary storage, we can predict the future behavior. Of the automation exactly. Nondeterministic automata: At each point, Nondeterministic automation may have several possible moves, so we can only predict a set of possible actions.

dfa is defined by the quintuple M= (Q,,, q0, F)

Where Q is a finite set of internal states is a finite set of symbols called the input alphabet :Q X Q is a total function called the transition function, q0 Q is the initial state F Q is a set of final states.

 L=

{a^n b : n>=0}
q0
a a,b

q1

a,b

q2

 Find

the dfa that recognizes the set of all strings on ={a,b} starting with the prefix ab
a b a,b

a,b

= { awa: w {a,b}*}
b a b b a a

a,b

Nondeterminism means a choice of moves for an automaton. Rather than prescribing a unique move in each situation, we allow set of possible moves. A nfa is defined by the quintuple M= (Q,,, q0, F) Where Q is a finite set of internal states is a finite set of symbols called the input alphabet :Q X ( { })-> 2^Q is a total function called the transition function, q0 Q is the initial state F Q is a set of final states.

 Current

state is q0, the symbol a is read

and (q0,a) = {q1,q4} then either q1 or q4

could be the next state of the nfa. a

q2

q3

Q4

a
q5

0
q0 q1

0,1

q2

State/ Symbol q0 q1 q2

a q0, q1 q0

b q2 q1 q0, q1

[q0] [q2] [q0,q1] [q1,q2]

[q0,q1] [q0,q1] [q0]

[q2] [q0,q1] [q1,q2] [q0, q1]

State/ symbol q0 q1 q2
q3

a q0,q1 q2 q3

b q0 q1 q3 q2

 Regular

expression involves a combination of strings of symbols from alphabet , parentheses, and the operators +, . , *. + denotes union . denotes concatenation * denotes Star closure

The language L(r) denoted by any regular expression r is defined by the following rules. 1. is a regular expression denoting the empty set. 2. ,is a regular expression denoting {} 3. For every a , a is a regular expression denoting {a}. If r1 and r2 are regular expressions, the 4. L(r1+r2)= L(r1) U L(r2) 5. L(r1.r2) = L(r1) L(r2) 6. L((r1))= L(r1) 7. L(r1*)= (L(r1))*

 Exhibit

the language L(a*.(a+b)) in set notation. L(a*.(a+b))= L(a*)L(a+b) = (L(a))*(L(a)U L(b)) = {, a,aa,aaa,}{a,b}

= {a, aa, aaa,., b, ab, aab,}

 The

expression r=(aa)*(bb)*b It denotes the language L(r) = {a^2n b^2m+1: n>=0, m>=0}

For ={0,1}, give a regular expression such that L(r) = {w * : w has at least one pair of consecutive zeros} r= (0+1)*00(0+1)*

language is regular if it is accepted by some DFA. Because of the equivalence of nfa and dfa , a language is also regular if it is accepted by some nfa. One way of describing languages is by means of certain simple grammar. Grammars are often an alternative way of specifying languages .

grammar G=(V,T,S,P) is said to be right linear if all productions are of the form A-> xB A-> x Where A,B V, and x T*. A grammar is said to be left linear if all productions are of the form A-> Bx A-> x regular grammar is one that is either right linear or left linear.

The grammar G1=({S}, {a,b}, S, P1) with P1 is given as S abS a Is right linear. The grammar G2= ({S,S1,S2}, {a,b}, S, P2) with productions S S1ab S1 S1ab S2 S2 a Is left linear. Both G1 and G2 are regular grammars. The sequence SabSababSababa is a derivation with G1. From this single instance it is easy to conjecture that L(G1) is the language denoted by the regular expression r=(ab)*a. In a similar way we can see that L(G2) is the regular language L(aab(ab)*).

 The

grammar G=({S,A,B},{a,b},S,P) with productions S A A aB/ B Ab Is not regular. Although every production is either in right linear or left linear form, the grammar itself is neither right-linear nor left linear, and therefore is not regular.

 Construct

a finite automaton that accepts the language generated by the grammar Vo aV1
V1

abVo b

Where

Vo is a start variable

Vo

a b a

V1

vf

 Conversion

of t into production (qi,aj)= qk We put in P the production qi aj qk Construct a right linear grammar for L(aab*a). The transition function for an nfa, together with the corresponding grammars productions, is given in previous Qus

Transition (qo,a)={q1} (q1,a) ={q2} (q2,b)={q2} (q2,a)= {qf}

Production qo aq1 q1aq2 q2 bq2 q2 a

 Not

all languages are regular , Production in a regular grammar are restricted. A grammar G=(V,T,S,P) is said to be context free if all productions in P have the form A->x Where A V and x (V U T)* A language L is said to be Context free if and only if there is a CFG G such that L=L(G).

 The

grammar G, with productions S abB A aaBb B bbAa A Is CFG.

: n>=0}

derivation is said to be leftmost if in each step the leftmost variable in a sentential form is replaced. If in each step the right most variable is replaced , we call the derivation rightmost. Consider the grammar with productions S aAB AbBb Ba

 Then

for abbb S=>aAB=>abBbB=>abAbB=>abbBbbB=>abbbbB =>abbbb (leftmost derivation) S=>aAB=>aA=>abBb=>abAb=>abbBbb=>abbbb (rightmost derivation)

 Second

way of showing derivation is parse

tree. Let G=(V,T,S,P) be a CFG. An ordered tree is a derivation tree for G if and only if it has the following properties. 1. The root is labeled S 2. Every leaf has a label from TU{} 3. Every interior vertex( not lf a vertex has label AV, and its children are labeled (from left to right) a1,a2,a3.an, then P must contain a production of the form A a1,a2,a3..an

 5.

A leaf labeled has no siblings, that is , a vertex with a child labeled can have no other children.

Partial derivation tree: A tree has properties 3,4,5, but in which 1 does not necessary hold and in which property 2 is replaced by- Every leaf has a label from VUTU{} is said to be Partial derivation tree.

Consider a Grammar G with productions S aAB S A bBb BA B

For abbbb
b B b A

context free grammar G is said to be ambiguous if there exists some w L(G) that has at least two distinct derivation trees. Eg Show that grammar with productions S aSbSS is ambiguous. The sentence aabb has the two derivation S trees.
a a S S b

 Eg:

consider a grammar G=(V,T,E,P) V={E,I} T={a,b,c,+,*,(,)} And productions E I E E+E EE*E E(E) I abc

 For

a+b*c We have two derivation trees

E I

E I

E E E E I

* + E