COMPONENTS OF
COMPUTER NETWORK
Ishaan Jain
7-C
HUB
In a computer network, a hub is a simple networking device that connects multiple
computers or devices together. It acts as a central point for data transmission, broadcasting
any data it receives to all connected devices. Think of it like a simple traffic intersection
where all vehicles (data packets) are directed to the same place and then broadcast out to
everyone else.
• A hub provides multiple ports, allowing devices like computers, printers, and other
network equipment to connect and communicate with each other.
• When a device sends data through the hub, the hub simply forwards that data to all other
connected devices, regardless of whether they need it.
• Hubs don't analyze or filter data. They don't have the ability to direct data to a specific
recipient, which can lead to network congestion and inefficiency.
• All devices connected to a hub share the same "collision domain," meaning that if two
devices try to transmit data at the same time, a collision will occur and the data will need
to be resent. This can significantly slow down network performance.
TYPES OF HUBS
here are three main types of hubs:- passive, active, and intelligent.
Passive Hub:
A passive hub simply provides a physical connection point for network cables. It doesn't process or amplify
the data signals, acting as a central point of connection.
They are the simplest and least expensive type of hub.
Passive hubs cannot extend the distance of network communication.
They are often used in small, simple networks.
Active Hub:
An active hub, also known as a repeater, not only provides a connection point but also amplifies and
regenerates the data signals before broadcasting them.
This regeneration allows for longer cable lengths and can extend the overall network size.
They require a power source to function.
Intelligent Hub:
Intelligent hubs, also called smart hubs, combine the functionality of active hubs with additional
management features.
These features can include network monitoring, diagnostics, and traffic control.
Intelligent hubs offer more control over the network than active or passive hubs.
HUB
SWITCH
A switch is a device that connects multiple devices together within a local area network
(LAN) and allows them to communicate with each other by forwarding data packets. It
operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model and uses MAC addresses to
forward data. Essentially, a switch acts as a traffic controller, directing data only to the
intended recipient, improving network efficiency and performance.
• Switches connect various devices like computers, printers, and servers within a
network.
• Unlike hubs that broadcast data to all connected devices, switches forward data
packets only to the specific device they are intended for.
• Switches use MAC (Media Access Control) addresses, which are unique identifiers for
network interfaces, to determine the destination of data packets.
• By directing traffic only where it needs to go, switches reduce network congestion and
improve overall network performance.
• Switches support different types of communication, including unicast (one-to-one),
multicast (one-to-many), and broadcast (one-to-all).
TYPES OF SWITCHES
1. Managed Switches:
Offer extensive configuration and monitoring options, allowing for fine-grained control
over network traffic.
Typically used in larger networks where advanced features like VLANs, QoS, and
security are needed.
May use command-line interfaces (CLI) or web-based interfaces for management.
2. Unmanaged Switches:
Simple, plug-and-play devices with minimal configuration options.
Suitable for small networks where basic connectivity is sufficient.
Often found in home or small office environments.
3. Smart Switches:
Offer a middle ground between managed and unmanaged switches, providing some
management features via a web interface.
Ideal for small to medium-sized networks needing more control than unmanaged
switches but without the complexity of fully managed switches.
SWITCH
MODEM
A modem in a computer network is
a device that modulates and
demodulates signals to enable
digital devices to communicate over
analog transmission lines, such as
telephone lines or cable networks. It
acts as a translator, converting
digital signals from a computer into
analog signals for transmission and
then converting incoming analog
signals back into digital signals that
the computer can understand.
TYPES OF MODEMS
1. Cable Modems:
These modems utilize coaxial cables, the same type used for cable TV, to connect to the internet.
They offer high-speed internet access and are commonly used in residential and business settings
where cable TV service is available.
2. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Modems:
DSL modems use telephone lines to connect to the internet.
They offer faster speeds than dial-up modems and are commonly used where DSL service is
available.
Different variations like ADSL and VDSL offer different speed levels.
3. Satellite Modems:
Satellite modems connect to the internet via satellite dishes, making them suitable for remote or
rural areas where other internet options are limited.
They can be a viable alternative in areas with poor or no access to cable or DSL.
