DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF UART SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROJECT COORDINATOR: Mrs. Ester Gandhimadhi INTERNAL GUIDE: Mrs. M.Nageswari Project Members: KISHORE.T

KAVI PRIYA.K.S
KARTHIKEYAN.R

ABSTRACT

UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) is a kind of serial communication protocol. Used for short-distance, low speed, low-cost data exchange between computer and peripherals. During the actual industrial production, sometimes we do not need the full functionality of UART, but simply integrate its core part. UART includes three kernel modules which are the baud rate generator, receiver and transmitter. The UART implemented with VHDL language. Integrated into the FPGA to achieve compact, stable and reliable data transmission. Its significant for the design of SOC.
2003-2008 BYU

Why use a UART?

A UART may be used when: High speed is not required An inexpensive communication link between two devices is required UART communication is very cheap Single wire for each direction (plus ground wire) Asynchronous because no clock signal is transmitted Relatively simple hardware PC devices such as mice and modems used to often use UARTs for communication to the PC

UART Uses

PC serial port is a UART!

Serializes data to be sent over serial cable De-serializes received data
Serial Port

Serial Cable

Serial Port

Serial Cable

Device

UART Uses

Communication between distant computers

Serializes data to be sent to modem De-serializes data received from modem
Phone Line
Phone Line Serial Cable

Serial Cable

Modem

Modem

UART Uses

Used to be commonly used for internet access

Phone Line Phone Line

Internet
Server

Serial Cable

Modem

UART Uses

Used to be used for mainframe access

A mainframe could have dozens of serial ports

Mainframe

Serial Cables

Terminal Terminal Terminal

Terminal

UART Uses
Becoming much less common Largely been replaced by faster, more sophisticated interfaces

PCs: USB
(networking)

(peripherals),

Ethernet

Chip to chip: I2C, SPI

Still used today when simple low speed communication is needed

UART Functions

Transmitter
Convert from parallel to serial Add start and stop delineators (bits) Add parity bit

Receiver
Convert from serial to parallel Remove start and stop delineators (bits) Check and remove parity bit

UART Character Transmission

Below is a timing diagram for the transmission of a single byte Uses a single wire for transmission Each block represents a bit that can be a mark (logic 1) or space (logic 0)

1 bit time mark space Time

UART Character Transmission

Each bit has a fixed time duration determined by the transmission rate Example: a 1200 bps (bits per second) UART will have a 1/1200 s or about 833.3 s bit duration

1 bit time

UART Character Transmission

The start bit marks the beginning of a new word When detected, the receiver synchronizes with the new data stream

Start Bit

UART Character Transmission

Next follows the data bits (7 or 8) The least significant bit is sent first

7 Data Bits

UART Character Transmission

The parity bit is added to make the number of 1s even (even parity) or odd (odd parity) This bit can be used by the receiver to check for transmission errors Use of parity bits is optional Parity Bit

UART Character Transmission

The stop bit marks the end of transmission Receiver checks to make sure it is 1 Separates one word from the start bit of the next word

Stop Bit

UART Character Transmission

In the configuration shown, it takes 10 bits to send 7 bits of data Transmission efficiency is 7/10, or 70%

7 data bits Parity bit Stop bit

Start bit

UART Transmission Example

Send the ASCII letter W (1010111)

Start bit
Parity bit
(odd parity)

Line idling
Mark

Stop bit

1 Space

0 Line idling again

7 data bits Least significant bit first

UART Character Reception

Start bit says a character is coming, receiver resets its timers Receiver should sample in middle of bits

Mark
Space Receiver uses a timer (counter) to time when it samples. Transmission rate (i.e., bit duration) must be known!

UART Character Reception

If receiver samples too quickly, see what happens

Mark
Space

UART Character Reception

If receiver samples too slowly, see what happens

Mark
Space Receiver resynchronizes on every start bit. Only has to be accurate enough to read 9 bits.

UART Character Reception

Receiver also verifies that stop bit is 1

If not, reports framing error to host system

New start bit can appear immediately after stop bit

Receiver will resynchronize on each start bit

UART Options

UARTs usually have programmable options:

Data: 7 or 8 bits Parity: even, odd, none, mark, space Stop bits: 1, 1.5, 2 Baud rate: 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19.2k, 38.4k, 57.6k, 115.2k

UART Options

Baud Rate
The symbol rate of the transmission system For a UART, same as the number of bits per second (bps) Each bit is 1/(rate) seconds wide

Example:

Not the data throughput rate!

9600 baud 9600 Hz 9600 bits per second (bps) Each bit is 1/(9600 Hz) 104.17 s long

UART Throughput

Data Throughput Example

Assume 19200 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit
19200 baud 19.2 kbps 1 start bit + 8 data bits + 1 stop bit

10 bits

It takes 10 bits to send 8 bits (1 byte) of data 19.2 kbps 8/10 = 15.36 kbps

How many KB (kilobytes) per second is this?

1 byte = 8 bits 1 KB = 1,024 bytes So, 1 KB = 1,024 bytes 8 bits/byte = 8,192 bits Finally, 15,360 bps 1 KB / 8,192 bits = 1.875 KB/s

A Note on Signaling

RS232 is the most common UART standard Used by PC serial ports RS232 does NOT use positive logic Logic 1 is any signal from -25V to -3V Logic 0 is any signal from +3V to 25V The range -3V to +3V is a transition region that is not assigned to a logic level On an oscilloscope, an RS232 waveform looks inverted from the actual data values transmitted

Lets Design a UART Transmitter!

Specifications

Parameters: 9600 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, even or odd parity
Inputs: Din[7:0]: 8-bit parallel data input Send: Instructs transmitter to initiate a transmission ParitySelect: Selects even parity (ParitySelect=0) or odd parity (ParitySelect=1) Outputs: Dout: Serial data output

System Diagram
To host system

Send Busy ParitySelect Din

7

UART Transmitter

Dout
To serial cable

Transmitter/System Handshaking
System asserts Send and holds it high when it wants to send a byte UART asserts Busy signal in response When UART has finished transfer, UART de-asserts Busy signal System de-asserts Send signal

Send Busy

The Parity Generator

ParitySelect Din
7

Parity Generator

ParityBit

Combinational circuit Generates ParityBit according to value of Din[6:0] and ParitySelect input

The Parity Generator

The value of ParityBit is the bit needed to make the number of 1s even (if even parity) or odd (if odd parity) Even Parity Odd Parity
(ParitySelect = 0) Even number of 1s (ParitySelect = 1)

ParityBit = 0

ParityBit = 1

Odd number of 1s

ParityBit = 1

ParityBit = 0

An 8-Bit Parity Generator

Din[0] Din[1] Din[2] Din[3] Din[4] Din[5] Din[6] Din[7] For 7-bit parity, tie Din[7] to a 0

Odd/Even# ParityBit

Will be 0 if Din has even number of 1s, 1 if odd number.

Parity Generator in Verilog

module parity_gen (data, oddeven, parity); input [6:0] data; input oddeven; output parity; assign parity = (^data) ^ oddeven; endmodule
Reduction XOR operator

Transmitter
Send Reset
Idle

Send
Load Load Busy ResetCounter ResetTimer

Send

Send

Wait

Busy

Count

NextBit

NextBit Count10
Shift Shift Increment Busy

Count10

Be sure to choose state encodings and use logic minimization that ensures Busy signal will have no hazards!

REFERENCES
[1] Design and Simulation of UART Serial Communication Module Based on VHDL, FANG Yiyuan CHEN Xue-jun. [2] HU Hua, BAI Feng-e. Design and Simulation of UART Serial Communication Module Based on Verilog HDL[J]. J ISUANJ I YU XIANDA IHUA 2008 Vol. 8 [3]A VHDL IMPLEMENTATION OF UART DESIGN WITH BIST CAPABILITY,Mohd Yamani Idna Idris, Mashkuri Yaacob, Zaidi Razak. [4] A VHDL IMPLEMENTATION OF UART DESIGN WITH BIST CAPABILITY,Mohd Yamani Idna Idris, Mashkuri Yaacob, Zaidi Razak. [5] www.wikipedia.org

2003-2008 BYU

THANK YOU

2003-2008 BYU