Reactions in Aqueous Solution
Chapter 4
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4.1 General Properties
A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more
substances
The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the
smaller amount(s)
The solvent is the substance present in the larger
amount
Solution Solvent Solute
Soft drink (l) H2O Sugar, CO2
Air (g) N2 O2, Ar, CH4
aqueous solutions
Soft Solder (s) Pb Sn of KMnO4
An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water,
results in a solution that can conduct electricity.
A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved, results in
a solution that does not conduct electricity.
nonelectroly weak strong
te electrolyte electrolyte
Conduct electricity in solution?
Cations (+) and Anions (-)
Strong Electrolyte – 100% dissociation
H 2O
NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Weak Electrolyte – not completely dissociated
CH3COOH CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
Ionization of acetic acid
CH3COOH CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
A reversible reaction. The reaction can
occur in both directions.
Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte because its
ionization in water is incomplete.
Hydration is the process in which an ion is surrounded
by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.
d-
d+
H2O
Nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity?
No cations (+) and anions (-) in solution
H 2O
C6H12O6 (s) C6H12O6 (aq)
Presipitasi Reaksi
Precipitation Reactions
Precipitate – insoluble solid that separates from solution
precipitate
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
molecular equation
Pb2+ + 2NO3- + 2Na+ + 2I- PbI2 (s) + 2Na+ + 2NO3-
ionic equation
Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2 (s)
PbI2
net ionic equation
Na+ and NO3- are spectator ions
Precipitation of Lead Iodide
Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2 (s) PbI2
Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve
in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature.
Examples of Insoluble Compounds
CdS PbS Ni(OH)2 Al(OH)3
Writing Net Ionic Equations
1. Write the balanced molecular equation.
2. Write the ionic equation showing the strong electrolytes
completely dissociated into cations and anions.
3. Cancel the spectator ions on both sides of the ionic equation
4. Check that charges and number of atoms are balanced in the
net ionic equation
Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of silver nitrate
with sodium chloride.
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
Ag+ + NO3- + Na+ + Cl- AgCl (s) + Na+ + NO3-
Ag+ + Cl- AgCl (s)
Chemistry In Action:
An Undesirable Precipitation Reaction
Ca2+ (aq) + 2HCO-3 (aq) CaCO3 (s) + CO2 (aq) + H2O (l)
CO2 (aq) CO2 (g)
Reaksi Asam - Basa
Properties of Acids
Have a sour taste. Vinegar owes its taste to acetic acid. Citrus
fruits contain citric acid.
Cause color changes in plant dyes.
React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas.
2HCl (aq) + Mg (s) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
React with carbonates and bicarbonates
to produce carbon dioxide gas
2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity.
Properties of Bases
Have a bitter taste.
Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.
Cause color changes in plant dyes.
Aqueous base solutions conduct electricity.
Examples:
Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water
Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water
Hydronium ion, hydrated proton, H3O+
A Brønsted acid is a proton donor
A Brønsted base is a proton acceptor
base acid acid base
A Brønsted acid must contain at least one ionizable
proton!
Monoprotic acids
HCl H+ + Cl- Strong electrolyte, strong acid
HNO3 H+ + NO3- Strong electrolyte, strong acid
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
Diprotic acids
H2SO4 H+ + HSO4- Strong electrolyte, strong acid
HSO4- H+ + SO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
Triprotic acids
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
HPO42- H+ + PO43- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
Identify each of the following species as a Brønsted acid, base,
or both. (a) HI, (b) CH3COO-, (c) H2PO4-
HI (aq) H+ (aq) + I- (aq) Brønsted acid
CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) CH3COOH (aq) Brønsted base
H2PO4- (aq) H+ (aq) + HPO42- (aq) Brønsted acid
H2PO4- (aq) + H+ (aq) H3PO4 (aq) Brønsted base
Neutralization Reaction
acid + base salt + water
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2O
H+ + OH- H2O
Neutralization Reaction Involving a Weak
Electrolyte
weak acid + base salt + water
HCN (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCN (aq) + H2O
HCN + Na+ + OH- Na+ + CN- + H2O
HCN + OH- CN- + H2O
Neutralization Reaction Producing a Gas
acid + base salt + water + CO2
2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + H2O +CO2
2H+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO32- 2Na+ + 2Cl- + H2O + CO2
2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2
Reaksi Redoks
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
(electron transfer reactions)
2Mg 2Mg2+ + 4e- Oxidation half-reaction (lose e-)
O2 + 4e- 2O2- Reduction half-reaction (gain e-)
2Mg + O2 + 4e- 2Mg2+ + 2O2- + 4e-
2Mg + O2 2MgO
Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
Zn Zn2+ + 2e- Zn is oxidized Zn is the reducing agent
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu Cu2+ is reduced Cu2+ is the oxidizing agent
Copper wire reacts with silver nitrate to form silver metal.
What is the oxidizing agent in the reaction?
Cu (s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (s)
Cu Cu2+ + 2e-
Ag+ + 1e- Ag Ag+ is reduced Ag+ is the oxidizing agent
Oxidation number
The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an
ionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred.
1. Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation
number of zero.
Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4 = 0
2. In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to
the charge on the ion.
Li+, Li = +1; Fe3+, Fe = +3; O2-, O = -2
3. The oxidation number of oxygen is usually –2. In H2O2
and O22- it is –1.
4.4
4. The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 except when
it is bonded to metals in binary compounds. In these
cases, its oxidation number is –1.
5. Group IA metals are +1, IIA metals are +2 and fluorine is
always –1.
6. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a
molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the molecule
or ion.
7. Oxidation numbers do not have to be integers.
Oxidation number of oxygen in the superoxide ion,
O2-, is –½.
HCO3 -
What are the oxidation numbers O = –2 H = +1
of all the elements in HCO3- ?
3x(–2) + 1 + ? = –1
C = +4
The Oxidation Numbers of Elements in their Compounds
What are the oxidation numbers of IF7
all the elements in each of these
compounds? F = -1
NaIO3 IF7 K2Cr2O7
7x(-1) + ? = 0
NaIO3 I = +7
Na = +1 O = -2
K2Cr2O7
3x(-2) + 1 + ? = 0
O = -2 K = +1
I = +5
7x(-2) + 2x(+1) + 2x(?) = 0
Cr = +6
Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Combination Reaction
A+B C
0 0 +3 -1
2Al + 3Br2 2AlBr3
Decomposition Reaction
C A+B
+1 +5 -2 +1 -1 0
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Combustion Reaction
A + O2 B
0 0 +4 -2
S + O2 SO2
0 0 +2 -2
2Mg + O2 2MgO
Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Displacement Reaction
A + BC AC + B
0 +1 +2 0
Sr + 2H2O Sr(OH)2 + H2 Hydrogen Displacement
+4 0 0 +2
TiCl4 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgCl2 Metal Displacement
0 -1 -1 0
Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2 Halogen Displacement
The Activity Series for Metals
Hydrogen Displacement Reaction
M + BC MC + B
M is metal
BC is acid or H2O
B is H2
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
Pb + 2H2O Pb(OH)2 + H2
The Activity Series for Halogens
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
Halogen Displacement Reaction
0 -1 -1 0
Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2
I2 + 2KBr 2KI + Br2
Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Disproportionation Reaction
The same element is simultaneously oxidized and
reduced.
Example: reduced
0 +1 -1
Cl2 + 2OH- ClO- + Cl- + H2O
oxidized
Classify each of the following reactions.
Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 Precipitation
NH3 + H+ NH4+ Acid-Base
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 Redox (H2 Displacement)
Ca + F2 CaF2 Redox (Combination)
Chemistry in Action: Breath Analyzer
+6
3CH3CH2OH + 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4
+3
3CH3COOH + 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 2K2SO4 + 11H2O
Solution Stoichiometry
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute
present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
moles of solute
M = molarity =
liters of solution
What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of a
2.80 M KI solution?
M KI M KI
volume of KI solution moles KI grams KI
1L 2.80 mol KI 166 g KI
500. mL x x x = 232 g KI
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol KI
Preparing a Solution of Known Concentration
Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated
solution from a more concentrated solution.
Dilution
Add Solvent
Moles of solute Moles of solute
before dilution (i) = after dilution (f)
MiVi = MfVf
How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3
from a stock solution of 4.00 M HNO3?
MiVi = MfVf
Mi = 4.00 M Mf = 0.200 M Vf = 0.0600 L Vi = ? L
MfVf
Vi = = 0.200 M x 0.0600 L = 0.00300 L = 3.00 mL
Mi 4.00 M
Dilute 3.00 mL of acid with water to a total volume
of 60.0 mL.
Gravimetric Analysis
1. Dissolve unknown substance in water
2. React unknown with known substance to form a precipitate
3. Filter and dry precipitate
4. Weigh precipitate
5. Use chemical formula and mass of precipitate to determine
amount of unknown ion
Titrations
In a titration a solution of accurately known concentration is
added gradually added to another solution of unknown
concentration until the chemical reaction between the two
solutions is complete.
Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete
Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the
equivalence point
Slowly add base
to unknown acid
UNTIL
the indicator
changes color
Titrations can be used in the analysis of
Acid-base reactions
H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4
Redox reactions
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution is required
to titrate 25.00 mL of a 4.50 M H2SO4 solution?
WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!
H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4
M rxn M
volume acid moles red moles base volume base
acid coef. base
4.50 mol H2SO4 2 mol NaOH 1000 ml soln
25.00 mL x x x = 158 mL
1000 mL soln 1 mol H2SO4 1.420 mol NaOH
16.42 mL of 0.1327 M KMnO4 solution is needed to
oxidize 25.00 mL of an acidic FeSO4 solution. What is
the molarity of the iron solution?
WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
M rxn V
volume red moles red moles oxid M oxid
red coef. oxid
16.42 mL = 0.01642 L 25.00 mL = 0.02500 L
0.1327 mol KMnO4 5 mol Fe2+ 1
0.01642 L x x x = 0.4358 M
1L 1 mol KMnO4 0.02500 L Fe2+
Chemistry in Action: Metals from the Sea
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
CaO (s) + H2O (l) Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq)
Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH -(aq) Mg(OH)2 (s)
Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
Mg2+ + 2e- Mg
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
MgCl2 (aq) Mg (s) + Cl2 (g)
