COS 102/CSC 120: Problem
Solving
Topic 3:
Concept & Properties of Algorithm
Lecture 3 Week4:
Lecturer
Dr. Ufuoma C. Ogude
Department of Computer Sciences
University of Lagos
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Outlines of the Course
Wk2-7
Concept of Problem solving
Introduction to programming
Concept & properties of Algorithm
Fundamentals of programming (1): variable/variable
naming convention/data types in Python
Fundamentals of programming (2): operators and
expressions
Fundamentals of programming (3): control structures
2
Concept & Properties of
Algorithms
Concept & properties of Algorithm
Role of Algorithm in problem solving
Design of Algorithms
Pseudocode
Flowchart
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Solving
1. Understand the Problem
2. Formulate a Model
3. Develop an Algorithm
4. Write the Program
5. Test the Program
6. Evaluate the Solution
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Design of
Algorithms
A person must translate an algorithm into a
computer program.
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n
In our day-to-day life we perform activities by
following certain sequence of steps.
Examples of activities include
getting ready for school,
making breakfast,
riding a bicycle,
wearing a tie,
solving a puzzle and so on.
To complete each activity, we follow a sequence of 6
Algorithm
Every problem solution starts with a plan. That plan is
called an algorithm.
An algorithm is a plan for solving a problem.
Step by Step description of the method to solve a
problem.
Effective procedure for solving a problem in finite
number of steps.
Developing an algorithm is a step of program
design. 7
Algorithm
1st Definition:
Sequence of steps that can be taken to solve a
problem
Better Definition:
A precise sequence of a limited number of
unambiguous, executable steps that terminates in
the form of a solution
Instructions for solving a problem or subproblem in8
Development
Process
Algorithm is part of the blueprint/plan for the
computer program
Algorithm:
“An effective procedure for solving a class of problems in
a finite number of steps.”
Every algorithm should have the following 5
characteristic feature:
Input
Output
Definiteness
Effectiveness
Termination 9
tics
Characteristics of a good
algorithm
Precision — the steps are precisely stated or
defined.
Uniqueness — results of each step are uniquely
defined and only depend on the input and the
result of the preceding steps.
Finiteness — the algorithm always stops after a
finite number of steps. It must terminate after a
finite number of steps. 10
Input — the algorithm receives some input.
nt
While writing an algorithm, it is required to
clearly identify the following:
The input to be taken from the user
Processing or computation to be
performed to get the desired result
The output desired by the user
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NOTE
Input Data
Read: Read student name
Get: Get student name
Output Information
Print: Print ‘Program Complete’
Write: Write record to file
Output: Output totalAmount
Display: Display ‘Program Complete’
Perform Arithmetic
Add: Add num1 to num2
Subtract: Subtract num1 from num2
Multiply: Multiply num1 by num2
Divide: Divide num1 by num2
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Assign Values
NOTE
Initialise: Initialise totalPrice to zero
Set: Set totalPrice to zero
Store: Store zero in totalPrice
Compare Values
IF…THEN…ELSE
IF num1 > num 2 THEN
ADD num1 to total
ELSE
ADD num2 to total
ENDIF
Repeat Actions
DOWHILE
DOWHILE Num1 > Num2
ADD num1 to total
Multiply total by 3
Subtract Num2 by 3 13
ENDDO
nt
Three Requirements
1. Sequence is:
a. Precise
b. Consists of a limited number of steps
2. Each step is:
a. Unambiguous (Explicit, Definite, Clear-cut,
Clear)
b. Executable
3. The sequence of steps terminates in the form
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of a solution
Example1 of
Algorithm
Compute the average marks of students obtained in a TEST of
"Computer Programming"
Human Language Specification: (In English)
Read the no of students
Read the marks of each students
Sum the marks of all students as total marks.
Divide the total marks by number of students.
Report the result of division as average marks of students.
Pseudocode Specification:
Input N
Input N marks: m1, m2, m3,..... mN
T = (m1+ m2 + m3 +... ... ....+ mN) / N
A=T/N
Output N. 15
Example2 of
Algorithm
Design an algorithm to add two numbers and
display the result
Step 1 − START
Step 2 − declare three integers a, b & c
Step 3 − define values of a & b
Step 4 − add values of a & b
Step 5 − store output of step 4 to c
Step 6 − print c
Step 7 − STOP 16
Example3 of
Algorithm
Write an algorithm to find the square of a number.
Before developing the algorithm, let us first identify the
input, process and output:
Input: Number whose square is required
Process: Multiply the number by itself to get its
square
Output: Square of the number
Algorithm to find square of a number.
Step 1: Input a number and store it to num
Step 2: Compute num * num and store it in square 17
tion
There are two common methods of representing an
algorithm. It may be expressed in either:
flowchart (Graphical representation) and
Pseudocode (Human language (e.g. English)).
Either of the methods can be used to represent an
algorithm while keeping in mind the following:
it showcases the logic of the problem solution,
excluding any implementation details
it clearly reveals the flow of control during
execution of the program
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Flowchart
A flowchart is the graphical representation of the
algorithm for any problem.
It is useful for developing and representing
algorithms.
Flow charts are drawn using certain special-purpose
symbols connected by arrows called flow lines.
The symbols indicate the actions to be performed,
and flow lines indicate the order in which actions are
to be performed.
Flow lines have arrows (direction of flow).
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Reasons for
Flowchart
Major reasons:
is easier to read
more closely follows a standard
easier to understand
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Flowchart
Symbols
Here is a chart for some of the common symbols used in
drawing flowcharts.
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Flowchart
Symbols
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Flowchart
Symbols
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Example4 of
Algorithm
Write an algorithm and draw flowchart for
finding the sum of any two numbers.
Algorithm
Step1: Start
Step2: Display “Enter two numbers”.
Step3: Read A and B
Step4: C= A+B
Step5: Display “C as sum of two numbers”
Step6: Stop 24
Flowchart
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Average of two
numbers
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Guidelines for Developing
Flowcharts
These are some points to keep in mind while
developing a flowchart:
Flowchart should have only one start and one stop
symbol
On-page connectors are referenced using numbers
Off-page connectors are referenced using
alphabets
General flow of processes is top to bottom or left to
right. Only one flow line should enter a decision
symbol, but two or three flow lines can leave the
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decision symbol.
e
The word “pseudo” means “not real,” so “pseudocode” means
“not real code”.
A Pseudocode is another way of representing an algorithm.
It is a non-formal language that helps programmers to
develop algorithm. It is a cross between human language and
a programming language.
It is a detailed description of instructions that a computer must
follow in a particular order.
It is intended for human reading and cannot be executed directly
by the computer.
Not an actual programming language
Not actually executed on computers
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No specific standard for writing a pseudocode exists.
e
Why do you need it?
Helps to “think out” a program before writing
it
May be converted easily into a corresponding
programming language code.
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Similar to a programming language, but not as rigid
The method of expression most suitable for a given situation is used:
Pseudocode
Construct
Following are some of the frequently used keywords
while writing pseudocode:
INPUT
COMPUTE
PRINT
INCREMENT
DECREMENT
IF/ELSE
WHILE
TRUE/FALSE
The core of pseudocode is the ability to represent 6
programming constructs (always written in
uppercase): SEQUENCE, CASE, WHILE, REPEAT-UNTIL, FOR, and
IF-THEN-ELSE.
These constructs are also called keywords and are used to
describe the control flow of the algorithm 30
Pseudocode
Construct
1. SEQUENCE represents linear tasks sequentially
performed one after the other.
2. WHILE a loop with a condition at its beginning.
3. REPEAT-UNTIL a loop with a condition at the bottom.
4. FOR another way of looping.
5. IF-THEN-ELSE a conditional statement changing the
flow of the algorithm.
6. CASE the generalization form of IF-THEN-ELSE 31
Example3
Write an algorithm to display the
sum of two numbers entered by
user, using both pseudocode and
flowchart.
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Solution to
Example3
Pseudocode for the sum of two
numbers will be:
input num1
input num2
COMPUTE Result = num1
+ num2
PRINT Result
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Solution to
Example3
Flowchart to display sum of two
numbers
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Benefits of
Pseudocode
It helps in representing the basic functionality of the
intended program.
It provide the code first in a human readable language,
It also helps the programmer safeguards against leaving
out any important step.
Pseudocode helps to review the steps to confirm that the
proposed implementation is going to achieve the desire
output (for non-programmers). 35
Control
It shows the flow of events as represented in the flow
chart.
The events can flow in a sequence, or on branch based on
a decision or even repeat some part for a finite number of
times.
Components of an algorithm:
Values and Variables
Instruction
Sequence (of instructions)
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Procedure (involving instructions)
Further Study
Advantages and Disadvantages of the
following:
Flowchart
Pseudocode
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Next Lecture:
Week5
Fundamentals of programming (1):
variable/variable naming
convention/data types in Python
38
Fundamentals of
Programming (1)
variable/variable naming convention/data types in
Python
39
Python
Python is a Scripting programming language known for both
its simplicity and wide breadth of applications. For this
reason it is considered one of the best languages for
beginners.
Python is a powerful and flexible programming language.
It uses concise and easy-to-learn syntax which enables
programmers to write more codes and develop more
complex programs in a much shorter time.
Used for everything from Web Development to Scientific
Computing
Python is referred to as a “general purpose” language by
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the greater programming community.
Python
Python is an object-oriented programming language
created by Guido Rossum in 1989.
It is ideally designed for rapid prototyping of complex
applications. It has interfaces to many OS system calls
and libraries and is extensible to C or C++.
Many large companies use the Python programming
language, including NASA, Google, YouTube, BitTorrent,
etc.
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