FACE

FACE / COUNTENANCE
EXTENT:
Above – Hair line of Scalp
Below – Chin & Base of mandible
Each side – Auricle
Forehead is common to both Scalp & Face.

SKIN:

1. Highly vascular-makes face blush and blanch.

2. Rich in sweat & sebaceous glands – Acne
3. Provides attachment to facial muscles.
 FACE / COUNTENANCE

SUPERFICIAL FASCIA:

Contains Facial muscles, Vessels , Nerves &

variable amount of FAT

DEEP FASCIA :

Absent (except Parotid fascia)

MUSCLES:
 Subcutaneous in position
 Mostly attached to the Dermis – Wrinkles /
Dimples

Morphology:
 Remnants of PANNICULUS CARNOSUS

Embryology:
 Derived from Mesoderm of 2nd Pharyngeal arch
 Nerve supply – Facial nerve
Functional arrangement:
 Arranged in groups around ORIFICES of
1. Eye
2. Ear
3. Nose &
4. Mouth

 They act as Sphincters & Dilators of these

orifices

 They produce different shades of Facial

Expression
 FACIAL MUSCLES (Mimetic muscles)
Muscles of

EYELIDS EAR NOSE LIPS & CHEEKS

1. Orbicularis 1. Auricularis 1. Procerus Sphincters Dilators

oculi
2. Corrugator 2. Nasalis 1 . Orbicularis 1. Levator labii
supercilli Anterior Superior Posterior oris superioris
3. Occipito- 3. Depressor septi 2. Levator labii
frontalis superioris
4. Levator palpebrae alaeque nasi
superioris * 3. Zygomaticus minor
4. Zygomaticus major
5. Levator anguli oris
6. Depressor anguli oris
7. Depressor labii
inferioris
8. Risorius
9. Mentalis
10. Buccinator
 FRONTALIS

CORRUGATOR
SUPERCILLI

ORBICULARIS OCULI
 ORBICULARIS OCULI:
PARTS ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION
ORBITAL • Medial palpebral • Blend with • As a whole
ligament Frontalis & muscle produces
• Adjoining Frontal & Corrugator tight closure of
Maxilla bone supercilli muscles eye

PALPEBRAL • Medial palpebral • Lateral palpebral • Gentle closure of

ligament raphe eye (Sleep,
blinking)
LACRIMAL • Crest of Lacrimal bone • Lateral palpebral • Dilate the
• Lacrimal fascia raphe lacrimal sac

 Function – Act as a sphincter of eyelids

– Protect the eye from intense light & Injury.
 Contraction (of entire muscle) – Crow’s feet
 Paralysis – Ectropion (Drooping of lower eyelid)
– Epiphora (Spilling of tears)
C
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F
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 ORBICULARIS ORIS:
 EXTRINSIC PART:
Deepest stratum
– Incisivus superior from incisive fossa of maxilla
– Incisivus inferior-from mandible

Intermediate stratum – Buccinator

Superficial stratum – Levator anguli oris

Depressor anguli oris
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Levator labii superioris
Depressor labii inferioris

 INTRINSIC PART:
Oblique fibers extending from skin to mucous membrane of lips.
 ORBICULARIS ORIS:
MODIOLUS:
 Palpable nodular mass

 Situated just lateral to

the angle of mouth opposite
the upper 2nd premolar tooth

 Produced by the
convergence of 9 muscles
around the mouth
(which forms the
Orbicularis oris)
 ORBICULARIS ORIS:

ACTIONS:

1. Closes the lips

2. Help in mastication

3. Protrudes the lip

4. Help in articulation of speech

BUCCINATOR: (muscle of cheek)
 ORIGIN
Upper fibers – Outer surface of alveolar process of Maxilla &
Lower fibers -- Outer surface of alveolar process of Mandible
( opposite the 3 molar teeth )
Intermediate fibers – Pterygomandibular raphe

INSERTION
Upper fibers – Upper lip
Lower fibers – Lower lip
Intermediate fibers- Chiasmatic decussation at modiolus.

 ACTIONS
– Flattens cheek against gum & teeth
– Helps in mastication  prevent accumulation of food
in the vestibule
– Forcibly expels air (as in blowing a trumpet)
 STRUCTURES PIERCING BUCCINATOR:

1. Parotid duct
2. Buccal branch of Mandibular nerve
 FACIAL EXPRESSIONS:
MUSCLES ACTIONS EXPRESSIONS
Corrugator supercilli • Vertical wrinkles of forehead Frowning
Procerus • Transverse wrinkles across nose Frowning
Frontalis • Raising of eyebrow Surprise
• Transverse wrinkles of forehead Horror / Fright
Dilator nares • Dilates the alar part of nose Anger
Depressor septi • Dilation of anterior nasal Anger
aperture
Zygomaticus major • Draws the angle of mouth smiling
upwards
Zygomaticus minor • Elevates the upper lip smiling
Depressor labii inferioris • Draws the lower lip downwards Sadness
Risorius • Retracts the angle of the mouth Smiling
Mentalis • Puckers the chin Disdain
Platysma • Draws the angle of mouth Horror / Surprise
downward & laterally
Orbicularis oris • Pursuing the lips Kissing
Buccinator • Forcibly expels air Whistling
 BLOOD SUPPLY

ARTERIAL VENOUS
SUPPLY DRAINAGE

1. Facial artery 1. Facial vein

(External maxillary (communicates
artery) with cavernous sinus)
- Superior labial
- Inferior labial 2. Retro mandibular vein
- Lateral nasal

2. Transverse facial artery

 Superficial temporal vein + maxillary
Venous drainage vein
• Veins accompany the Retromandibular vein
artery with similar names-
Supratrochlear + supraorbital veins Divides into

Angular vein at medial angle of eye

Anterior Posterior
division division
Facial vein
posterior
auricular vein

common Facial vein

form external
Drains into jugular vein
drains into
internal Jugular vein subclavian vein

Bracheocephalic vein
 NERVE SUPPLY ( 13 nerves )

MOTOR (1) SENSORY(12)

Facial nerve

Trigeminal Cervical
(11) plexus(1)
1 – Temporal
2 – Zygomatic
3 – Buccal 1. Ophthalmic (5) 1. Great auricular
4 – Mandibular
5 – Cervical 2. Maxillary (3)

3. Mandibular (3)
MOTOR
NERVE SUPPLY
OF FACE
SENSORY DISTRIBUTION OF FACE
 LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE

1.UPPER AREA
- Pre-auricular / Superficial parotid lymphnodes

2.INTERMEDIATE AREA
- Submandibular lymphnodes

3.LOWER AREA
- Submental lymphnodes
 APPLIED IMPORTANCE

1.Thrombosis of cavernous sinus

(Through its communications with Facial vein)

- facial vein is devoid of valves

- rests directly on facial muscles
- spread of septic emboli from dangerous area of face
in retrograde direction due to movement of facial
muscles .
 Dangerous area of face:
Infection of the face can spread to intracranial venous
sinus. Hence, the veins draining the following area is
called dangerous area of face.

1. Area: -USA
• Upper lip.
• Septum of nose.
• Adjoining part of nose and lip lying between angular
and deep facial veins forms the dangerous area of
the face
 Bell’s palsy
• Supranuclear palsy:-
symptoms:-
contralateral muscle of
the lower half of face
paralysed.

• Infranuclear palsy:-
Symptoms:-
Ipsilateral muscles of the
whole of face paralysed.