Popular LAN

Standards
 Little history
Ethernet:
Story starts in pristine Hawaii in 1970s.
An effort was made to connect remote
Island at Honolulu
The system developed was ALOHANET
worked wirelessly
About the same time a student of M.I.T.,
Bob Metcalfe, along with his
colleague David Boggs, at Xerox
developed the first local area network
Little history

 This diagram was hand drawn by Robert M. Metcalfe and photographed by Dave R.
Boggs in 1976 to produce a 35mm slide used to present Ethernet to the National
Computer Conference in June of that year. On the drawing are the original terms for
describing Ethernet.
 Little history
Ethernet:
The transmission medium used was
2.5 km coaxial cable with
repeaters every 500 m
256 stations could be attached to the
system via non intrusive taps
The system ran at 2.94 Mbps
ALOHANET was improved and
CSMA was introduced, which
actually sense the medium first
before transmission.
Popular LANs

LANs

802.3 802.4 802.5

CSMA/CD Token Bus Token Ring

Ethernet 1Mbps
Broadband
Cheapernet 4Mbps
carrierband
starlan 16Mbps
802.3 Standard
 A range of speeds supported 1 to 10Mbps
 All utilizing CSMA/CD
Preamble Destination Source length data pad CRC
and address Address
start

8 6 6 2 0-1500 46-0 4
bytes
 Allow variable length ofFrame
Ethernet dataStructure
up to 1500 bytes
 A minimum length of 46 bytes that is why pad field
is used
802.3 Standard
 Padding ensure that the minimum frame size is 64
bytes
 Required to ensure that collision detection works
effectively
Preamble Destination Source length data pad CRC
and address Address
start

8 6 6 2 0-1500 46-0 4 bytes

Ethernet Frame Structure
802.3 Standard
Preamble and start frame delimiter (SFD)
 Series of 0s and 1s
 Allows the receiving station to synchronize exactly
with the signaling speed
 The final byte in this zone is the start delimiter
which concludes (ends) with 2 consecutive 1s to
indicate the end of synchronization activity
 Manchester encoding
 6.4 micro sec
802.3 Standard
Source and Destination Address

 48 bits

 They are permanently set during manufacturing

 If connection to the WAN is required, there has to

be a mechanism in place which removes the
requirement of needing a remote user’s Ethernet
Address
802.3 Standard
Source and Destination Address contd.
 Each station reads the first 48 bits to compare it
with its own.

Length

 Provide a pointer to the boundary point between

the end of the data and where the beginning of 32-
bit CRC
 802.3 Standard
Addressing

 Each station has its own NIC and hence its own
48-bit physical address

 Looks like 06:01:02:01:2C:4B

Unicast, Multicast and broadcast

 A source address is always a unicast address –

the frame comes from only one station
802.3 Standard
Unicast, Multicast and broadcast

 A destination address can be unicast, multicast or

broadcast

 If the least significant bit of the first byte of the

destination address is 0, the address is unicast,
otherwise multicast.
Byte 1 byte2 …………………………. Byte 6

Multicast = 1
Unicast = 0
802.3 Standard
 An address is broadcast if all are 1s

 E.g.
4A:30:10:21:10:1A (1010) Unicast
47:20:1B:2E:08:EE(0111) multicast
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF broadcast

 The way the addresses are sent out is different

the way they are written in the hexadecimal form

 Transmission is from left to right byte by byte

 802.3 Standard
 For each byte the least significant bits are sent first

 Means that the bit defines an address as unicast or

multicast arrives first at the receiver

 The address 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE to be sent on line

 Binary 01000111:00100000:00011011:00101110:00001000:11101110

 It is sent on line as

 11100010:00000100:11011000:01110100:00010000:01110111
802.3 Standard
10Base5 Standard

 10Mbps Baseband 500m segment

 Like all 802.3 range it allows max of 2 repeaters( 3

segments)

 Max of 3 segments are allowed

 Each segments can be 500 m

 Total length of 1500 m

802.3 Standard
10Base5 Standard

 2 point-to-point links can also be used to

extend the length

 One link can be 1000 m or two of 500 m

each(4 repeaters)

 Total size is extended to 2500 m

802.3 Standard
10Base5 Standard
 The cable has a marking after 2.5 m to indicate
where the transceiver connection taps may be
placed

 The taps and transceiver units must not

number more than 100 taps/ 500 m

 The taps come in 2 styles

non intrusive  needs a small hole in the
coaxial cable
intrusive  coaxial cable needs to be cut
802.3 Standard
 In total no more than 1024 nodes may be attached
to a maximum configuration
 The maximum distance between 2 points on the
system is 2800 m (50 m each for maximum
transceiver cable)
 This limit has been set as a result of determining
the maximum distance over which CSMA/CD can
successfully be implemented with the minimum
packet size of 64 bytes
 The maximum propagation for 10Mbps in this case
is 51.2 micro second
802.3 Standard
Access Method

 Standard Ethernet uses 1-Persistent CSMA/CD

Slot Time

 The slot time is defined in bits

 In traditional ethernet with 10Mbps it is 512 bits or

51.2microsec
802.3 Standard
Maximum Network Length
 Max length = propagation speed * slot time / 2
 In most case propagation speed = 2 * 10 8 m/s
 Maximum length = (2 * 108 )(51.2 * 10-6 ) /2 = 5120
meters
 This is the theoretical length
 We need to consider the delay time in repeater
and interfaces and the time required to send the
jam sequence making
maximum length = 2500 or 2800
802.3 Standard
 If we want to extend those limits bridge can be
used

 CSMA/CD operates on both sides of the bridge

 Bridge acts as a store-and-forward device

 They are 2 LAN but appears to be one

802.3 Standard
10 BASE 2 Standard
 also called cheaper net

 10Mbps Baseband 185 m

 Use flexible 5mm diameter coaxial cable

 Use Manchester encoding scheme

802.3 Standard
10 BASE 2 Standard

 Allows up to 30 stations per segments

 Minimum spacing of 0.5 m

802.3 Standard
10 BASE T Standard (starlan)
 10Mbps Baseband Twisted pair normally unshielded
 10Mbps over a distance of 100 m without repeaters
 Physically the system looks like central concentrator with
local concentrator at the second level
 Ethernet cards have RJ45 plug interface
 The concentrator are intelligent manageable devices
 They can isolate faulty links
802.3 Standard
10 BASE F : Fiber Ethernet

 10Mbps Baseband Fiber optics

 Star topology is used

 Connected to a hub using 2 fiber optic cables

 Maximum length = 2000 m

802.3 Standard
Changes to the standard Ethernet

1) Bridged Ethernet

a) Raising the bandwidth

 In unbridged Ethernet the total capacity is 10Mbps

 If one station has something to send it benefits from

the total capacity

 If more stations has to send, the capacity is shared

802.3 Standard
Changes to the standard Ethernet

1) Bridged Ethernet

a) Raising the bandwidth contd…

 E.g. if 2 stations have lots of frames to send, they probably

alternate in usage

 We can say each station on average send at a rate 5 Mbps

 Bridge divide the network into 2 or more networks

802.3 Standard
Changes to the standard Ethernet

1) Bridged Ethernet

a) Raising the bandwidth contd…

 Bandwidth wise the networks are independent

 E.g. if 10 stations on 10Mbps is divided into 2

 6 stations will be using 10Mbps

 Which is increased in bandwidth

A network with and without Bridge
802.3 Standard
Changes to the standard Ethernet

1) Bridged Ethernet contd…

b) Separate Collision Domain

 Bridges separate the collision domain

 10 stations in a network results in more collision

than 5 stations

 E.g. if we have 12 stations and a 4 port bridge

then we can have 4 networks each consisting of 3
stations
Separating Collision Domain
802.3 Standard
Changes to the standard Ethernet contd..

2) Switched Ethernet

 The idea of bridged LAN is extended to a switched

LAN

 N port can be used to connect N stations

 Bandwidth is shared only between stations and

switch (5Mbps)
802.3 Standard
Changes to the standard Ethernet contd..

3) Full Duplex Ethernet

 10Base 2, 10Base 5 are half duplex

 10Base T is full duplex

 Instead of using one cable between station and

switch, 2 links must be used

 No need for CSMA/CD

802.3 Standard
Fast Ethernet
 Maximum length is 500 m

 IEEE standard is 802.3u

 Backward compatible with standard Ethernet

 10 times faster than standard Ethernet

802.3 Standard
Fast Ethernet
 The goals of Fast Ethernet can be as
1) Upgrade the data rate to 100 Mbps
2) Make it compatible with standard Ethernet
3) Keep same 48-bit physical address
4) Keep the same frame format
5) Keep the same min and max frame length
802.3 Standard
MAC layer
 CSMA/CD access method is used
 Autonegotiation– allows 2 devices to negotiate the
data rate and mode of operation
Physical layer
Topology
 If 2 stations then p-t-p links
 If 3 or more stations then star topology
Implementation
 2 wires cat 5 UTP (100BaseTx) or fiber optic
(100BaseFx)
 4 wires implementation Cat 3 UTP 100BaseT4
802.3 Standard
 The maximum number of hubs in a single network
is limited to two
 The two can be 5 m away
802.3 standard
Characteristic 100Base-TX 100Base-FX 100Base-T4
s

Media Cat 5 UTP Fiber Cat 3 UTP

or STP

Number of 2 pairs 2 strands 4 pairs

wires

Maximum 100m 100m 100m

length (500m)

Summary of Fast Ethernet Implementation

802.3 Standard
Giga Bit Ethernet
 IEEE standard 802.3z
 1000Mbps
 Goals
1) Upgrade the data rate up to 1Gbps
2) Make it compatible with standard and fast Ethernet
3) Use the same 48-bits address
4) Use the same frame format
5) Keep the same min and max frame length
6) Support Autonegotiation

MAC layer
 Can be implemented as full duplex or half duplex
 In case of half duplex CSMA/CD is used
 In case of full duplex CSMA/CD not needed
 Full duplex is normally implemented
802.3 Standard
Physical Layer
 If two station then ptp
 If more than 2 then star with hub or switch in the
center
 Another possible implementation is to connect
several star
802.3 Standard

Gigabit Ethernet
Implementation

1000Base-SX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-CX 1000Base-T

Two-Wire Two-Wire Two-Wire Four-Wire
Short-wave fiber Long-wave fiber copper UTP
802.3 Standard
Implementation
 Two wires short wave fiber 1000BaseSx
 Two wires long wave fiber 1000BaseLx
 Two wires copper(STP) 1000BaseCx
 Four wires UTP 1000BaseT
802.3 Standard
Characteristics 1000Base-SX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-CX 1000Base-T

Media Fiber short- Fiber STP Cat 5 UTP

wave long-wave

Number of 2 2 2 4
wires

Maximum 550 m 5000m 25m 100m

length

Summary of gigabit Ethernet implementation

802.3 Standard
Ten-Gigabit Ethernet
 IEEE standard is 802.3ae
 Goal
1) Upgrade data rate to 10Gbps
2) Make it compatible with standard, fast and gigabit
Ethernet
3) Use the same 48-bits address
4) Use the same frame format
5) Keep the same min and max frame length
6) Allow the interconnection of existing LANs into a
MAN or WAN
7) Make Ethernet compatible with technologies such
as frame Relay and ATM
802.3 Standard
MAC sublayer
 Ten gigabit Ethernet only operates at full duplex
 No need for CSMA/CD
Physical Layer
 Fiber optic over long distance
 Three implementations are most common
 10GBase-S, 10GBase-L and 10GBase-E
802.3 Standard
Characteristic 10GBase-S 10GBase-L 10GBase-E
s
Media Short-wave Long-wave Extended-
850-nm 1310-nm wave 1550-
multimode Single Mode mm single
mode

Maximum 300 m 10 km 40 km
length

Summary of ten Gigabit Ethernet

802.5 Standard

Token Ring
802.5 Standard
Token Structure
Start Access End
Delimiter Control Delimiter

 Start and End Delimiters are special symbols that

cannot be the part of data or control signal
 It is so to make the token unquestionably
recognizable
 For a station to send data that token must be
captured first
 802.5 Standard
Access Control

P P P T M R R R

Priority Bits Token Bit Monitor Bit Reservation Bit

•If the T bit is 0, means token is available

•For a station to claim it, it has to change it to 1
•Data is inserted behind the Access Control Byte
•The station that generated the data is also responsible for
removing the data and replacing the free token onto the ring
802.5 Standard
Access Control

P P P T M R R R

Priority Bits Token Bit Monitor Bit Reservation Bit

What happened if the sender station dies before

removing the data

?
802.5 Standard
Access Control

P P P T M R R R

Priority Bits Token Bit Monitor Bit Reservation Bit

• To prevent a ‘dead’ packet from constantly circulating the
monitor station play the role
• The M bit is reset to 0 by the sender
• It is set to 1 when it passes through the monitor station
•When it passes again with M bit =1 the monitor station
becomes active to ‘clean up’ the ring and releases the new
token
802.5 Standard
Access Control

P P P T M R R R

Priority Bits Token Bit Monitor Bit Reservation Bit

• Token ring standard allows a priority system
• If a station with high priority finds a token busy it can place
its assigned priority in reservation bits.
•The station which releases a free token is responsible for
moving the reservation bits into priority bits.
•This allows stations with priority traffic (e.g. real time
application) to be supported