GRAPHICAL

PRESENTATION OF
DATA
INTRODUCTION
•Graphical presentation of frequency distribution facilitate easy
understanding of data presentation and interpretation.
•The shape of graph offers easy answers to several questions.
•It offers an easy technique for quick and effective comparison between
two or more frequency distributions.
•Advantages-
-Diagrams given an effective and elegant presentations.
-Diagrams leave good visual impact.
-Diagrams facilitate comparison.
-Diagrams save time.
-Diagrams simplify complexity and depict the characteristics of the data.
•Limitations-
-They provide only an approximate picture of the data.
-They cannot be used as alternative to tabulation of data.
-Problems to select a suitable method.
-Loss of accuracy of data- Sometimes Illusionary data effect creates
a wrong impression on the minds of the viewer.
TYPES OF DIAGRAMS
Bar
charts

Types
Frequen of Frequen
cy
cy Curve
Diagra Polygon
ms

Cumulat
ive
Frequen
cy
Distribut
ion
(Ogive)
 SIMPLE BAR CHARTS

•Bar charts are used to represent only one characteristics

of data and there will be a many bars as number of
observations.
•The bars are of the same width and only the length
varies, the relationship among them can be easily
established.
•Data is presented via vertical or horizontal columns.
•Example- The data on the production of oil seeds in a particular year is
presented:
Oil seeds Yield (Million tones)
Ground nut 5.80
Rapeseed 3.30
Coconut 1.18
Cotton 2.20
Soya bean 1.00

Yield (Million tones)

7
6
5.8
5
4
3 3.3
2 2.2
1 1.18 1
0
Ground nut Rapeseed Coconut Cotton Soya bean
The following data gives the information of the number of children involved in different activities.
Activities No. of children
Dance 30
Music 40
Art 25
Cricket 20
Football 53
HISTOGRAMS
•Also known as Area Diagram.
•A histogram is the most commonly used graph to show frequency distributions.
•Value of variables (the characteristics to be measured) are scaled along the horizontal
axis and the number of observations (or frequencies) along the vertical axis of the
graphs.
•Convert class limits to class boundaries. (Basically it should be an exclusive series)
Height Range (Class Interval) Number of Trees
(Frequencies)
60-65 3
66-70 3
71-75 8
76-80 10
81-85 5
86-90 1
 MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS

•A multiple bar chart is also known as groups (or compound) bar

charts.
•Such charts are useful for direct comparison between two or more
sets of data.
•The technique of drawing such a chart is same as that of a single bar
chart with difference that each set of data is represented in
different shades or colors on the same scale.
•An index explaining shades or colors must be given.
Example- The data on fund flow (Rs. crore) of an International Airport
Authority during financial years 2001-02 to 2003-04 are given below:
2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004
Non- traffic 40.00 50.75 70.25
revenue
Traffic revenue 70.25 80.75 110.00
Profit before tax 40.15 50.50 80.25
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
Non- traffic revenue Traffic revenue Profit before tax

2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004

Populations Over Time (millions)
Country 1980 1990 2000
France 55 56 65
United Kingdom 50 53 63
Mexico 65 78 80
Nigeria 60 82 85
Pakistan 57 65 74
SUB-DIVIDED BAR CHART
•Sub-divided bar charts are suitable for expressing information in terms of
ratios or percentage.
•Different shades must be used to represent various ratio values but the
shade of each component should remain the same in all the other bars.
•An index of the shades should be given with the diagram.
•Sub-divided bar chart is used to represent the data in which total
magnitude is divided into different components.
•Used to present the data having two or more components.
Example- The data on sales (Rs. million) of a company are given below:

2005 2006 2007

Export 1.4 1.8 2.29
Home 1.6 2.7 2.9
Total 3.0 4.5 5.18
6

0
2005 2006 2007

Export Home
•Example- The data shows number of students in college A and college B that use
mobile phones from Samsung, Oppo and Apple.

Products College A College B

Samsung 590 800
Oppo 880 750
Apple 100 150
Total Magnitude 1570 1700
 PERCENTAGE BAR CHARTS
•When the relative proportions of components of a bar are more
important than their absolute values, then each bar can be
constructed with same size to represent 100%.
•The components values are then expressed in terms of percentage
of the total to obtain the necessary length for each of these in the
full length of the bars.
•The rules regarding the shades, index, and thickness are the same.
Example- The following table shows the data on cost, profit, or loss per unit
of a good produced by a company during the year 2006-07:

Particulars 2006 2007

Amount Percentage Cumulative Amou Percentag Cumulative
(Rs.) Percentage nt e Percentage
(Rs.)
Cost per unit
a) Labor 25 41.67 41.67 34 40.00 40.00
b) Material 20 33.33 75.00 30 35.30 75.30
c) Miscellaneous 15 25.00 100.00 21 24.70 100.00
Total Cost 60 100 85 100
Sales proceeds per 80 110 80 88
unit
Profit (+) or loss (-) +20 +10 -5 -12
per item
 Percentage Bar Charts

120

10
100

25 24.7
80
Percent

60 33.33 Sum of Profit

35.3
age

Sum of Miscellaneous
Sum of Material
40 Sum of Labor

20 41.76 40

0
2006 2007
-12

-20

Year
FREQUENCY POLYGON
•The frequency polygon is formed by marking the mid-points at the top of
the horizontal bars and then joining these dots by a series of straight line.

STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED:
Step 1: Draw Histogram
Step 2: Calculate the mid-points = (Lower limit+ Upper limit)/2
Step 3: Mark all the mid points on the horizontal axis.
Step 4: Join all the plotted points using a line segment.
Step 5: This resulting curve is called the frequency polygon.
Height Range (Class Interval) Number of Trees
(Frequencies)
60-65 3
66-70 3
71-75 8
76-80 10
81-85 5
86-90 1
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION (OGIVE)
•A cumulative frequency curve popularly known as Ogive is another form of
graphic presentation of a cumulative frequency distribution.
•Y- axis= Total frequencies, X-axis= Upper limits in case of less than ogive;
Lower limits in case of more than ogive.
•Example-
Class Upper Frequency CF (Less CF (More
Interval class than) than)
10-15 15 6 6 40
15-20 20 11 6+11= 17 40-6= 34
20-25 25 9 17+9= 26 34-11=23
25-30 30 7 26+7= 33 23-9= 14
30-35 35 5 33+5= 38 14-7= 7
35-40 40 2 38+2= 40 7-5=2
 More than Less than
type type

Ogive
45

40 40 40
38
35 34 33
30

25 26
23
20
17
15 14
10
6 7
5
2
0
15 20 25 30 35 40

CF (Less than) CF (More than)

PIE CHART
•These diagrams are normally used to show the total number of
observation of different types in the data set on a percentage basic
rather on an absolute basis through circle.
•Also known as circle chart.
•Uses of Pie Chart-
- Within a business, it is used to compare areas of growth, such as
turnover, profit, and exposure.
- To represent categorical data.
Example- The distribution of sales of the laptop industry between five
companies:
Company % market share
HP 22
Dell 33
Lenovo 13
Apple 15
Acer 17