LECTURE 16
FOREST UTILIZATION – WOOD PRODUCTS – SOLID
AND COMPOSITE WOOD
FOREST UTILIZATION
Definition
Forest utilization is the branch of
forestry which deals with the
harvesting, conversion, disposal and
use of forest produce.
WOOD PRODUCT
Wood Utilization:
Wood is used for various purposes from timber for
construction, plywood, veneer, pencil, agriculture
implements, match, splints, packing cases, sports goods
etc.
The timber utility varies from species to species and
again depending on the industries.
1. Wood
2. Composite wood
WOOD
Wood is anatomically a secondary xylem and
chemically it is a lignocellulosic biomass material.
Wood is classified into sap wood and heart wood.
Sap wood is the outermost portion of the wood which
is lighter in colour and consists of living cells which
involve in conduction of sap.
Heart wood is the inner dark and central portion of
wood primarily made up of dead lignified cells and
provides strength and rigidity to plant.
Utilization of wood
1. Wood as a structural timber
The solid wood of several species are used as raw material for
structural timbers for construction of building, houses and bridges. It is
also used for variety of purposes like beams, doors and windows,
floors, panels, roofing and ceiling etc.
Acacia catechu,
Albizia prosera
Dalbergia latifolia
Mangifera indica
Madhuca longifolia
Tectona grandis
Pterocarpus spp.
2. Wood as a raw material for sports goods:
Sports goods which are designed as bent wood articles which
primarily include hockey sticks, badminton rackets, tool handles, walking
sticks, boats wheels, furniture etc. the wood of some of the species are used in
manufacturing of the above mentioned bent wood article.
Dalbergia latifolia
Tectona grandis
Mangifera indica
Toona ciliata
3. Wood as a raw material for Agricultural tools and implements:
Ploughs, harrows, rollers and clod crushers – made from strongest,
toughest and hardest woods of Babul (Acacia nilotica), Khair (A. catechu),
Axle wood (Anogeissus latifolia), Satinwood ( Chloroxylon swietenia),
Sissoo (D. sissoo), Ebony (Diospyros melanoxylon) etc.
4. Wood as a raw material for shoe heels and boot lasts
Shoe heels: Dalbergia lsissoo
Mangifera indica
Pterocarpus marsupium
Boot lasts: Boswellia serrata
Bambax ceiba
Holoptelea integrifolia
5. Wood as a raw material for carts and carriages
Dalbergia sissoo
Tectona grandis
Hardwickia binnata
Acacia catechu
Hopea parviflora
Artocarpus
6. Wood as a raw material for containers
- Barrels, tubs, Drums, vats an casks
Tectona grandis
Shorea robusta
Grewia
Terminalia
7. Wood as a raw material for furnitures
- furniture cabinets and panel making process chairs, tables, sofa sets, billiards
tables, screens, TV and radio cabinets.
Dalbergia latifolia
Albizia procera
Pterocarpus marsupium
8. Wood as a raw material for match splints and boxes
Ailanthus excelsa
Ailanthus triphysa
Populus deltoides
Albizia falcatoria
9. Wood as a raw material for Musical instruments
Drums : Albizzia , Pterocarpus
Violin :Teak, Acer
Veena: Artocarpus, Gmilina
Sitar : Toona ciliata, Teak, Cedrus deodara
Harmonium: Teak
Guitar: Canarium, Morus
10. Wood as a raw material for packing cases
Mango
Rubber
Albizia
Pinus
11. Wood as a raw material for Railway carriages
Teak
Artocarpus
Dalbergia
Terminalia
12. Wood as a raw material for Ship building
Teak
Dalbergia
Cedrus
Albizia
Melia
13. Wood as a raw material for Decorative materials
Albizia
Adiena cordifolia
Dalbergia latifolia
Mangifera indica
Tectona grandis
COMPOSITE WOOD
It is the general term for built up bonded product consisting either wholly or
natural wood or of wood in combination with metals, plastics, etc.
The most common composite wood used in India is plywood.
a. Plywood
Plywood is a glued wood construction build of veneers in such a
manner that the grain of each veneer is at right manner.
Important timber species used in plywood manufacturing
Melia dubia
Terminalia spp
Mangifera indica
Ailanthus excelsa
Dalbergia latifolia
Sysygium cumini
Lanea coromandalica
Terminalia bellerica etc.
Dalbergia sissoo
Tectona grandis
Plywood Manufacturing process
Step 1: Felling and Transportation
Step 2: Peeling of Logs
Step 3: Drying of Veneers
Step 4: Gluing
Step 5: Construction of Plywoods
Step 6: Pressing Plywoods in the Hot
Press
Step 7: Cutting Process
b. Laminated wood
These are a build-up product made of wood layers (laminate) in which all
layers laid with their grain parallel and glued or otherwise fastened together.
The glued laminated wood is called as glulam.
Lamina refers the thin board of veneers.
Lamina are seasoned in kilns and cut into uniform width and length. These
are arranged in a proper order.
This feed into a glue spreader and assembled into a required shape. Then
pressure is applied I a clamp fitting assembly.
c. Core boards
Core composed strips of wood in various dimensions glued together or
otherwise jointed together to form a slab.
b. Laminated wood
These are a build-up product made of wood layers (laminate) in which all
layers laid with their grain parallel and glued or otherwise fastened together.
The glued laminated wood is called as glulam.
Lamina refers the thin board of veneers.
Lamina are seasoned in kilns and cut into uniform width and length. These
are arranged in a proper order.
This feed into a glue spreader and assembled into a required shape. Then
pressure is applied I a clamp fitting assembly.
c. Core boards
Core composed strips of wood in various dimensions glued together or
otherwise jointed together to form a slab.
f. Particle boards
A board or sheet constituted from fragments of wood and other
ligno-cellulosic materials, bonded with organic binders with the help of
one or more agents like heat, pressure, humidity, catalyst, etc
Raw materials– chips, flakes, splinters. Etc
Purpose
Interior application in housing or furniture.
Generally not recommended for external application- bcz they
shrink and swell appreciably.
g. Improved wood
These are also called as modified wood. It is a general term of
wood that has been specially treated in various ways to reduce or
retard working or to increase strength.
h. Laminated wood
It is a wood impregnated with impregnants. The common impregnants
used in this process are wax, paraffin resins and oils. The main objectives are to
make the wood dimensionally stable and prevention of water absorption. Now
commercial water soluble, thermosetting formaldedyde resins is available. In the
manufacturing process, first woods are impregnated through vacuum
impregnation with or without pressure. This is thermosetted and impregnated
again. After curing , individual materials are bonded together as one.
i. Heat stabilized wood
This is obtained by simple heating. In this, woods are passed beneath
the surface of a molten metal or fused salt. It is subjected to 260-315ºC for few
minutes under non oxidizing conditions.
J. Compressed wood
This is obtained by simple heating. In this, woods are passed beneath
the surface of a molten metal or fused salt. It is subjected to 260-315ºC for few
minutes under non oxidizing conditions.
k. Compregnated wood
This designates the wood which are subjected to impregnation and
compressed. Woods are spliced into veneers and impregnated with urea
formaldehyde by compression. This increases tensile strength and improves
insulation property. Because of this treatment, wood becomes 20 times harder
than normal woods.
l. Heat stabilized wood
In this wood are subjected to heat to improve wood property.
m. Chemically modified wood:
In this wood, OH group of cellulose is replaced. Chemicals used for this
are acetic anhydride influences of pyridine as catelysts. Urea hydroxylin and
sulphuric acid also used. It decreases the hygroscopicity and also of swelling and
shrinkage.
Utility of composite woods
Composite woods are useful in construction in industries
They are flexible, uniform and consistency in performance and they are used
in all interior decorations.
In multistory buildings the composite wood are preferred due to its light
weight and durability.
Some of the composite woods are stronger and more dimensionally stable and
hence they are used in construction of wood houses.
Composite woods are also used to make headers, beams, girders, columns
and also for heavy trusses.
PARTICLE BOARD
PLYWOOD
FIBREBOARD
