s And p - block Elements
Instructor Name: Ali
MerajExperience: 17 Ye
Aaj ka Goal
Reaction Of IA Group
Reaction with
The Group 1A oxygen
elements (also called
alkali metals) include:
•Lithium (Li)
•Sodium (Na)
•Potassium (K)
•Rubidium (Rb)
•Cesium (Cs)
•Francium (Fr) (radioactive and very rare)
When these elements react with oxygen (O₂),
they form metal oxides, peroxides, or
super oxides, depending on the specific
alkali metal involved and reaction conditions.
Reaction Of IA Group
General Reaction with Oxygen:
4M (s) + O2(g) → 2M2O
Where M is an alkali metal. This forms a normal
oxide
Element Product Formula Type of Oxide
Lithium (Li) Lithium oxide Li₂O Normal oxide
Sodium (Na) Sodium peroxide Na₂O₂ Peroxide
Potassium
Potassium (K) KO₂ Superoxide
superoxide
Rubidium
Rubidium (Rb) RbO₂ Superoxide
superoxide
Cesium (Cs) Cesium superoxide CsO₂ Superoxide
Reaction Of IA Group
Reaction with water
The Group 1A (alkali metals) react
vigorously with water,
forming:
i. A metal hydroxide (MOH)
ii. Hydrogen gas (H₂)
General Reaction: 2𝑀(𝑠)
+2𝐻2𝑂(𝑙)→2𝑀𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞)+𝐻2(𝑔)
Where M is a Group 1A element (Li, Na,
K, Rb, Cs, Fr).
Reaction Of IA Group
Reaction with water
Reaction Of IA Group
Reactivity Trend:
Reactivity increases down the group:
Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs <Fr
This is because the outer electron is more easily lost
as atomic size increases.
Hydroxide Solution:
The hydroxides (e.g., NaOH, KOH) formed are:
•Strong bases
•Highly alkaline (high pH)
•Soluble in water
Reaction Of IA Group
Reaction with Chlorine
Alkali metals (group 1 elements: lithium, sodium,
potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium)
react vigorously with chlorine gas to form ionic
metal chlorides.
This is a highly exothermic reaction and typically
produces white crystalline solids.
2M(s) + Cl2(g) → 2MCl(s)
Reaction Of IA Group
Examples:
1.Lithium:
2Li (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2LiCl (s)
2.Sodium:
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
3. Potassium:
2K(s) + Cl2(g) → 2KCl(s)
Reaction Of IA Group
Reactivity increases down the group:
•Lithium reacts slowly.
•Sodium reacts more quickly.
•Potassium and below react explosively.
This is because:
•Ionization energy decreases down the group.
•It becomes easier to lose the outer electron.
Alkaline Earth Metals
Alkali Metals
Elements Densit
y
(g/
dm3)
Beryllium 1.848
Magnesim 1.738
Calcium 1.55
Strontium
Barium 2.63
3.51
Reaction Of IIA Group
Reaction with
oxygen
Reactivity Trend:
•Reactivity increases down the group.
•Be and Mg: React slowly, need high temperatures.
•Ca, Sr, Ba: React readily when heated.
Types of Oxides Formed:
•BeO and MgO: Form simple oxides (white
solids)
•CaO, SrO, BaO: Also form simple oxides, basic
in nature
•Ba and Sr can also form peroxides:
Reaction Of IIA Group
Reaction with
•They react withWater
water to form metal
hydroxides and release hydrogen gas.
•General Equation
M(s) + 2H2O(l) → M(OH)2(aq) +H2 (g)
Where M = Ca, Sr, Ba (Be and Mg behave
differently)
Reaction Of IIA Group
Reactivity Trend:
•Reactivity increases down the group.
•Be: Does not react with water due to a
protective oxide layer.
•Mg: Reacts very slowly with cold water;
reacts more with steam.
•Ca, Sr, Ba: React readily with cold water.
Reaction Of IIA Group
Reaction Of IIA Group
Reaction with chlorine
React with chlorine gas (Cl₂) to form metal
chlorides.
Reaction forms ionic chlorides (except BeCl₂,
which is covalent).
M(s) + Cl2(g) → MCl2(s)
Reaction Characteristics:
Exothermic: Releases heat and light More
vigorous down the group Products are
typically white solids Chlorides are ionic and
soluble (except BeCl₂)
Reaction Of IVA Group
Reaction Of IVA Group
Reactions with Water
Carbon and silicon do not react with water.
Tin reacts slowly with steam.
Lead generally does not react due to
passivation (oxide layer formation).
Reaction Of IVA Group
1. Reactions with Oxygen
•Group IV elements form oxides when burned in oxygen.
•Two common types:
• Dioxides (MO₂) — more stable for nonmetals and
lighter elements.
• Monoxides (MO) — more stable for heavier metals
like Pb and Sn.
Examples:
C + O₂ → CO₂ (Carbon dioxide)
Si + O₂ → SiO₂ (Silicon dioxide)
Sn + O₂ → SnO₂ (Tin(IV) oxide)
Pb + O₂ → PbO (Lead(II) oxide
Reaction Of IVA Group
Trend: Oxides become more basic down the
group.
Carbon dioxide is acidic;
lead(II) oxide is basic.
2. Reactions with Halogens
•React with halogens to form tetrahalides (MX₄)
and sometimes dihalides (MX₂).
•Lighter elements like C and Si form stable
tetrahalides.
•Heavier elements like Sn and Pb can also form
dihalides due to the inert pair effect.
Reaction Of IVA Group
Examples:
C + 2Cl₂ → CCl₄ (Carbon tetrachloride)
Si + 2Cl₂ → SiCl₄ (Silicon tetrachloride)
Sn + Cl₂ → SnCl₂ and SnCl₄
Pb + Cl₂ → PbCl₂ (more stable than PbCl₄)
Reaction Of IVA Group
Reactions with Acids
Carbon and silicon do not react easily with
dilute acids.
Tin and lead react with dilute acids like HCl to
produce hydrogen gas.
Examples:
Sn + 2HCl → SnCl₂ + H₂↑
Pb + 2HCl → PbCl₂ + H₂↑ (slow reaction)
Diagonal Relation
A diagonal relationship is said to exist
between certain pairs of diagonally
adjacent elements in the second and
third periods (first 20 elements) of the
periodic table.
Past Papers
What is the general formula of the compound
formed when Group I elements react with
water?
(NUMS 2021)
A) MCl
B) MO
C) MOH
D) M₂O
Past Papers
Which of the following Group I elements
burns with a lilac flame in oxygen?
(Sazambu 2023)
A) Sodium
B) Lithium
C) Potassium
D) Rubidium
Past Papers
What is the product when sodium reacts
with chlorine?
(NUMS 2019)
A) Sodium oxide
B) Sodium hydroxide
C) Sodium chloride
D) Sodium carbonate
Past Papers
Which of the following reacts slowly with cold
water but rapidly with steam?
(NUMS 2022)
A) Magnesium
B) Calcium
C) Barium
D) Strontium
Past Papers
When barium reacts with chlorine, the product
formed is:
(Sazambu 2024)
A) BaO
B) BaCl₂
C) BaCl
D) Ba(OH)₂
Past Papers
Which alkaline earth metal forms a white
oxide upon heating in air?
(NUMS 2020)
A) Strontium
B) Magnesium
C) Beryllium
D) Barium
Past Papers
What is the main oxide formed when carbon
burns in excess oxygen?
(NUMS 2021)
A) CO
B) CO₂
C) C₂O
D) C₂O₃
Past Papers
Which element of Group IV reacts with chlorine to
form a compound used in electronics?
(Sazambu 2023)
A) Carbon
B) Tin
C) Silicon
D) Lead
Past Papers
Which of the following shows amphoteric
behavior among Group IV oxides?
(NUMS 2020)
A) CO₂
B) SiO₂
C) PbO
D) SnO₂
Past Papers
The reaction of lithium with water produces
lithium hydroxide and:
(NUMS 2018)
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Oxygen
C) Hydrogen
D) Chlorine
Past Papers
Which compound is formed when sodium reacts
with limited oxygen?
(Sazambu 2021)
A) NaO
B) Na₂O
C) Na₂O₂
D) NaOH
Past Papers
The flame color for lithium when burned in air
is:
(NUMS 2022)
A) Orange-red
B) Crimson-red
C) Lilac
D) Yellow
Past Papers
Which Group II metal reacts most vigorously with
cold water?
(NUMS 2023)
A) Calcium
B) Magnesium
C) Barium
D) Beryllium
Past Papers
Which Group II metal reacts most vigorously
with cold water?
(NUMS 2023)
A) Calcium
B) Magnesium
C) Barium
D) Beryllium
Past Papers
Be does not react with water due to:
(NUMS 2019)
A) High electronegativity
B) Protective oxide layer
C) It is non-metallic
D) Large atomic size
