CS220 – DATABASE SYSTEMS

WEEK 9 LECTURE 1
SUBQUERIES

Ms. Hirra Anwar

Assistant Professor
Faculty of Computing
[email protected]
LECTURE OUTLINE
 Subquery
 Single Row Subquery

 Multiple row subquery

 Null with Subquery

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SUBQUERY
PROBLEM

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SOLUTION- SUBQUERY

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SUBQUERY

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RULES FOR SUBQUERY

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TYPES OF SUBQUERIES

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SINGLE ROW SUBQUERY
SINGLE ROW SUBQUERY

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EXECUTION OF SINGLE ROW QUERY

Display the employees whose job ID is the same as that

of employee 141 and salary equal to employee 143.

Schema:
Employees(employee_id, first_name, last_name,
department_id, job_id, salary)
Departments(department_id, dname)

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EXECUTION OF SINGLE ROW QUERY

Display the employees whose job ID is the same as that

of employee 141 and salary equal to employee 143.

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EXECUTION OF SINGLE ROW QUERY

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GROUP FUNCTION IN SUBQUERY

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HAVING CLAUSE IN SUBQUERY

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EXAMPLE: OUTPUT OF QUERY

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SOLUTION: OUTPUT

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MULTIPLE ROW SUBQUERY
MULTIPLE ROW SUBQUERY

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MULTIPLE ROW OPERATORS

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS
• Product(ProductID, ProductName, Price, Category)
• Department(DepartmentID, DepartmentName, Location)
• Customer(CustomerID, DepartmentID, CustomerName, Email)
• Order(OrderID, OrderDate, CustomerID, ProductID)

 Retrieve all customers who work in departments located in New

York.
 Retrieve products that are more expensive than any product in

the Electronics category.

 Retrieve products that are more expensive than every product in

the Furniture category.

 Retrieve customers who have placed at least one order.
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 Retrieve customers who have not placed any orders.
EXAMPLE
• Product(ProductID, ProductName, Price, Category)
• Department(DepartmentID, DepartmentName, Location)
• Customer(CustomerID, CustomerName, Email)
• Order(OrderID, OrderDate, CustomerID, ProductID)

 Retrieve all employees who work in departments

located in New York.

SELECT CustomerID, Name

FROM Employees
WHERE DepartmentID IN (SELECT DepartmentID
FROM Departments
WHERE Location = 'New York');

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EXAMPLE
• Product(ProductID, ProductName, Price, Category)
• Department(DepartmentID, DepartmentName, Location)
• Customer(CustomerID, CustomerName, Email)
• Order(OrderID, OrderDate, CustomerID, ProductID)

 Retrieve products that are more expensive than any

product in the Electronics category.

SELECT ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE Price > ANY (SELECT Price
FROM Products
WHERE Category = 'Electronics');

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EXAMPLE
• Product(ProductID, ProductName, Price, Category)
• Department(DepartmentID, DepartmentName, Location)
• Customer(CustomerID, CustomerName, Email)
• Order(OrderID, OrderDate, CustomerID, ProductID)

 Retrieve products that are more expensive than every

product in the Furniture category.

SELECT ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE Price > ALL (SELECT Price
FROM Products
WHERE Category = 'Furniture');

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EXAMPLE
• Product(ProductID, ProductName, Price, Category)
• Department(DepartmentID, DepartmentName, Location)
• Customer(CustomerID, CustomerName, Email)
• Order(OrderID, OrderDate, CustomerID, ProductID)

 Retrieve customers who have placed at least one order.

SELECT CustomerID, CustomerName

FROM Customers
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM Orders
WHERE Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID);

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EXAMPLE
• Product(ProductID, ProductName, Price, Category)
• Department(DepartmentID, DepartmentName, Location)
• Customer(CustomerID, CustomerName, Email)
• Order(OrderID, OrderDate, CustomerID, ProductID)

 Retrieve customers who have not placed any orders.

SELECT CustomerID, CustomerName

FROM Customers
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM Orders
WHERE Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID);

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ANY AND ALL RULES
<ANY means less than the maximum.
>ANY means more than the minimum.
=ANY is equivalent to IN.

>ALL means more than the maximum,

<ALL means less than the minimum.

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ANY AND ALL RULES
Find employees who are not IT programmers and whose salary is
less than that of any IT programmer.

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ANY AND ALL RULES
Find employees who are not IT programmers and whose salary is
less than all of the IT programmers.

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ANY OPERATOR WITH SUBQUERY

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ALL OPERATOR WITH SUBQUERY

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EXISTS OPERATOR WITH SUBQUERY

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NULL WITH SUBQUERY
NULL IN SUBQUERY

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NOT EXISTS

Avoid using NOT IN

if there is a chance
of having NULL in
the column. Use
NOT EXISTS
instead.
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MORE ON SUBQUERY
 Revisit!

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Revisit!

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Revisit!

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 Example-1
WHERE clause-IN
Operator

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Example-2
WHERE clause-
NOT IN Operator

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Example-3
WHERE clause
-Multiple Column

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Example-4
HAVING clause

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Example-5
FROM clause

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SUBQUERY FOR UPDATING DATA
• Product(ProductID, ProductName, Price, Category)
• Department(DepartmentID, DepartmentName, Location)
• Customer(CustomerID, CustomerName, Email)
• Order(OrderID, OrderDate, CustomerID, ProductID)

 Increase the price of all products that are more

expensive than the average price.

 UPDATE Product
 SET Price = Price * 1.10

 WHERE Price > (SELECT AVG(Price) FROM Product);

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SUBQUERY FOR DELETING DATA
 Delete products that were never ordered.

 DELETE FROM Product

 WHERE ProductID NOT IN (

 SELECT DISTINCT ProductID FROM Order);

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SUBQUERY FOR CREATING TABLES
 Create a new table for high-value customers who placed
orders for products over $1000.

CREATE TABLE HighValueCustomers AS

SELECT DISTINCT c.CustomerID, c.CustomerName, c.Email
FROM Customer c
JOIN Order o ON c.CustomerID = o.CustomerID
JOIN Product p ON o.ProductID = p.ProductID
WHERE p.Price > 1000;
In SQL, parentheses are not required around a subquery when it's part of 47
a CREATE TABLE AS statement or a SELECT ... INTO clause (in some RDBMS).
SUBQUERY FOR CREATING TABLES
 CREATE TABLE NewTable AS
 SELECT ...

 FROM ...

 WHERE ...;

 It’s a standalone SELECT that directly is used to create

the structure and feed the data.

In SQL, parentheses are not required around a subquery when it's part of 48
a CREATE TABLE AS statement or a SELECT ... INTO clause (in some RDBMS).
CORRELATED SUBQUERIES
Students
Id Name Class Marks
1 Ali 10 85
2 Sara 10 78
3 Ahmed 9 92
4 Zoya 9 70
5 Bilal 10 90

Q-Find the top scorer(s) in each class.

For every class, find the student(s) who have the

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highest marks in that class.
CORRELATED SUBQUERIES
SELECT name, class, marks
FROM students s1
WHERE marks = (
SELECT MAX(marks)
FROM students s2
WHERE s1.class = s2.class
); Id Name Class Marks
1 Ali 10 85
2 Sara 10 78
3 Ahmed 9 92
4 Zoya 9 70
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5 Bilal 10 90
CORRELATED SUBQUERIES
Id Name Class Marks
1 Ali 10 85
2 Sara 10 78
3 Ahmed 9 92
4 Zoya 9 70
5 Bilal 10 90

Step 1: Start with the outer query.

Step 2: For each row, run the inner subquery (correlated).

For each student, the subquery is executed, where s1.class

comes from the current row in the outer query.

Step 3: Comparison of marks with the max of class marks 51

Step 4: Select rows for output if the condition matches
CORRELATED SUBQUERIES
Id Name Category Price
1 iPhone Mobile 1200
2 Galaxy Mobile 950
3 MacBook Laptop 2000
4 Dell XPS Laptop 1800
5 AirPods Accessories 200
6 Apply Watch Accessories 400

Q- Find products that are the most expensive in their

category.

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CORRELATED SUBQUERIES

For each product in the outer query, we calculate

the maximum price in its category using the
subquery.

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CORRELATED SUBQUERIES

SELECT name, category, price

FROM products p1
WHERE price = (
SELECT MAX(price)
FROM products p2
WHERE p1.category = p2.category
);

For each product in the outer query, we calculate

the maximum price in its category using the
subquery.
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CORRELATED SUBQUERIES

Find products that belong to categories where the

average price is greater than $1000.

SELECT name, category, price

FROM products
WHERE category IN (
SELECT category
FROM products
GROUP BY category
HAVING AVG(price) > 1000
); 55
CORRELATED SUBQUERIES

Find products that are more expensive than the

average price of their own category.

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CORRELATED SUBQUERIES

Find products that are more expensive than the

average price of their own category.

SELECT name, category, price

FROM products p1
WHERE price > (
SELECT AVG(price)
FROM products p2
WHERE p1.category = p2.category
);

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CORRELATED SUBQUERIES

Find all products that belong to a category which

has more than one product.

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CORRELATED SUBQUERIES

Find all products that belong to a category which

has more than one product.

SELECT name, category, price

FROM products
WHERE category IN (
SELECT category
FROM products
GROUP BY category
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
);
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SUBQUERIES
 Non-Correlated subqueries
 A non-correlated subquery is independent of the outer
query.
It runs once, and the result is used by the outer query.
 Can run on its own.
 Does not reference any column of the outer query.

 Correlated subqueries
 A correlated subquery depends on the outer query.
It runs once for each row processed by the outer query.
 References a column from the outer query.

 Cannot run independently 60

THANK YOU