Digital Signal Analysis

Processing (DSAP)
CT 704

BCT IV/I , SCE

Narayan Adhikari Chhetri (NAC)
 Course Overview

Introduction to DSP
Chapter 1 : Discrete-time signals & system (8 hours )
Chapter 2 : z-transform & inverse z-transform (6 hours )
Chapter 3 : Analysis of LTI system in Frequency domain (4 hours )
Chapter 4 : Discrete Filter Structures (8 hours )
Chapter 5 : FIR Filter System (6 hours )
Chapter 6 : FIR Filter System (6 hours )
Chapter 7 : Discrete Fourier Transform (7 hours )
 Reference

(1) A.V. Oppenheim ,“ Discrete-time Signal & Processing”

(2) J.G. Proakis & D.G. Manolakis,“ Digital Signal
Processing”
(3) Dr. Sanjay Sharma , “ Digital Signal Processing”
(4) S.K. Mitra , “ Digital Signal Processing a Computer
Based Approach”
 Basic Concepts
• Analog signals are continuous, with infinite values
in a given range.
• Digital signals have discrete values such as on/off
or 0/1.
• Limitations of analog signals
– Analog signals pick up noise as they are being
amplified.
– Analog signals are difficult to store.
– Analog systems are more expensive in relation to
digital systems.
 Basic Concepts
• Advantages of digital systems (signals)
– Noise can be reduced by converting analog signals in
0s and 1s.
– Binary signals of 0s/1s can be easily stored in memory.
– Technology for fabricating digital systems has become
so advanced that they can be produced at low cost.
• The major limitation of a digital system is how
accurately it represents the analog signals after
conversion.
 Block Diagram of DSP
• A typical system that converts signals from analog to digital and back
to analog includes:
– A transducer that converts non-electrical signals into electrical signals
– An A/D converter that converts analog signals into digital signals
– A digital processor that processes digital data (signals)
– A D/A converter that converts digital signals into equivalent analog
signals
– A transducer that converts electrical signals into real life non-electrical
signals (sound, pressure, and video)
 Analog to Digital Converter
• Converting Analog into Digital
– Electronically or Computationally
• Converting a continuously changing waveform
(analog) into a series of discrete levels (digital)
 Analog to Digital Converter
• The analog waveform is sliced into equal
segments and the waveform amplitude is
measured in the middle of each segment
• The collection of measurements make up
the digital representation of the waveform
 0.5
1.5

-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
1
2
1 0
0.22
3 0.44
0.64
5 0.82
0.98
7 1.11
1.2
9 1.24
1.27
11 1.24
1.2
13 1.11
0.98
15 0.82
0.64
17 0.44
0.22
19 0
-0.22
-0.44 21
-0.64
-0.82 23
-0.98
-1.11 25
-1.2
Sampled Signal

-1.26 27
-1.28
-1.26 29
-1.2
-1.11 31
-0.98
-0.82 33
-0.64
-0.44 35
-0.22
37 0
 Digital Signal Processing
• Represent signals by a sequence of numbers
– Sampling or analog-to-digital conversions
• Perform processing on these numbers with a digital processor
– Digital signal processing
• Reconstruct analog signal from processed numbers
– Reconstruction or digital-to-analog conversion
digital digital
signal signal
analog analog
signal A/D DSP D/A signal

• Analog input – analog output

– Digital recording of music
• Analog input – digital output
– Touch tone phone dialing
• Digital input – analog output
– Text to speech
• Digital input – digital output
– Compression of a file on computer
 Signal Processing
• Humans are the most advanced signal processors
– speech and pattern recognition, speech synthesis,…
• We encounter many types of signals in various applications
– Electrical signals: voltage, current, magnetic and electric fields,…
– Mechanical signals: velocity, force, displacement,…
– Acoustic signals: sound, vibration,…
– Other signals: pressure, temperature,…
• Most real-world signals are analog
– They are continuous in time and amplitude
– Convert to voltage or currents using sensors and transducers
• Analog circuits process these signals using
– Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Amplifiers,…
• Analog signal processing examples
– Audio processing in FM radios
– Video processing in traditional TV sets
 Limitations of Analog Signal Processing
• Accuracy limitations due to
– Component tolerances
– Undesired nonlinearities
• Limited repeatability due to
– Tolerances
– Changes in environmental conditions
• Temperature
• Vibration
• Sensitivity to electrical noise
• Limited dynamic range for voltage and currents
• Inflexibility to changes
• Difficulty of implementing certain operations
– Nonlinear operations
– Time-varying operations
• Difficulty of storing information
Merit & Demerit of Digital Signal Processing
• Advantages
– Accuracy can be controlled by choosing word length
– Repeatable
– Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal
– Dynamic range can be controlled using floating point numbers
– Flexibility can be achieved with software implementations
– Non-linear and time-varying operations are easier to implement
– Digital storage is cheap
– Digital information can be encrypted for security
– Price/performance and reduced time-to-market
• Disadvantages
– Sampling causes loss of information
– A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal hardware
– Limited speed of processors
– Quantization and round-off errors
 Application of DSP (DSP is Everywhere)
• Sound applications
– Compression, enhancement, special effects, synthesis, recognition,
echo cancellation,…
– Cell Phones, MP3 Players, Movies, Dictation, Text-to-speech,…
• Communication
– Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo cancellation,…
– Cell Phones, dial-up modem, DSL modem, Satellite Receiver,…
• Automotive
– ABS, GPS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control, Parking,…
• Medical
– Magnetic Resonance, Tomography, Electrocardiogram,…
• Military
– Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote sensing,…
• Image and Video Applications
– DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video conferencing,…
• Mechanical
– Motor control, process control, oil and mineral prospecting,…
1.1.3.6. Recursive vs. Non-recursive Systems.
Definitions
A system whose output y(n) at time n depends on any number of the
past outputs values ( e.g. y(n-1), y(n-2), … ), is called a recursive
system. Then, the output of a causal recursive system can be
expressed in general as

y (n) F  y (n  1), y (n  2),  , y (n  N ), x(n), x(n  1),  , x(n  M ) 

where F[.] is some arbitrary function. In contrast, if y(n) at time n

depends only on the present and past inputs

y (n)  F  x(n), x(n  1),  , x(n  M ) 

then such a system is called nonrecursive. 18

1.2.1.1 Impulse Response and Convolution

 ( n) h( n)  H   ( n) 
LTI system
unit impulse impulse response
H .

LTI system description by convolution (convolution sum):

 
y (n)   h(k ) x(n  k )   x(k )h(n  k ) h(n) * x(n)  x(n) * h(n)
k   k  

Viewed mathematically, the convolution operation satisfies the

19
commutative law.