Unit 4

Machines
By
Kushal M Jagtap
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Induction Machine (IM)
• The polyphase induction motor is widely used in the
industries, due to
1) Its low cost,
2) Simple and rugged construction,
3) Absence of commutator, and
4) Good operating characteristic (reasonably good PF,
sufficiently high efficiency, and good speed regulation)
• Induction motor equipped with both field winding and
armature winding
• It is single excited machine
• Field winding (stator) is connected to the AC supply, whereas
no electric supply/connection from armature winding (rotor)
• It is also known as asynchronous motor as it runs at a
speed other than the synchronous speed of the rotating field
developed by the stator currents.
• Like other electrical machines, the asynchronous machine is
reversible i.e., it can operates as both a motor and a
generator
• The mode of operation of the machine is determined by the
speed of the rotating field in relation to the rotor
Construction
Constructional features
• Laminated stator core carrying the stator winding
• Laminated rotor core carrying either a cage or
polyphase windings, latter with shaft mounted slip rings
• Shaft to preserve the very short air gap
• Frame to form the stator housing and carry the end
cover
• Terminal box, etc...
Frame
• The frame in an induction motor serves as the
outer body, providing structural support and
protection for the internal components, including
the stator core and windings.
• It acts as a housing, shielding the motor's
mechanical parts from external factors like water,
dirt, and environmental conditions.
• Additionally, the frame helps to mount the motor
to its foundation and may include cooling fins to
enhance heat dissipation.
Stator Core
• The stator core of an induction motor is the stationary, cylindrical core
built from thin, insulated silicon steel laminations.
• These laminations are stacked together and create slots for the stator
windings, which are then connected to a 3-phase power supply.
• The stator core's primary function is to carry the alternating magnetic field
generated by the stator windings and to help induce currents in the rotor.
• The stator core is to carry the alternating flux
which produces hysteresis and eddy current losses.
• In order to reduce hysteresis and eddy current losses, it is assembled of
high grade, low electrical loss and silicon steel. In addition to this, t he
laminations are insulated from each other with a thin layer of varnish
or other insulating material to minimize eddy current losses.
• The air gap between the stator and rotor is made as small
as practicable (0.3 to 0.35mm in small machine and 1.0 to
1.5 mm in high power machine) so as to make air gap
reluctance minimum
• Stator winding is sometime called as primary winding
• Motor especially of large ratings, have open slot so that form
wound coil can be used but usually the motors are provided
with semi-closed type slots to make the air gap reluctance
minimum
• In high speed, large machine, instead of semi-closed slot
open type of slot is used because pole pitch is
large, therefore, number of conductor per pole is large, so
desire flux density in the air gap can be attainted without
excessive magnetizing current, even if open type slots are
employed
Stator Winding
• In induction motor, the stator winding is usually 3-phase
winding which is usually supplied by 3-phase supply mains.
• The 3-phase of the winding can be connected in either star
or delta depending upon the method of starting used.
• The squirrel cage motors are usually started by star-delta
starter, and therefore their stators are designed for
delta connection and six terminals (two from each
phase) are brought out to be connected to the starter.
• The wound rotor motors are started by inserting resistance
in rotor circuit and therefore the stator winding can
be connected in either star or delta as desired.
• Stator winding are almost always short pitch because of
reduce copper weight and winding resistance as well as
reduce leakage reactance.
Rotor
• The rotor comprises a cylindrical laminated iron core
with slots, around the core, carrying the conductors.
• The rotor has a smaller number of slots than the stator,
so as to prevent magnetic locking of rotor
• There are two types of rotor winding used,
Squirrel cage rotor
Wound rotor
Squirrel cage rotor
• Almost 90% of induction motors are provided with squirrel
cage rotor because of its very simple, robust and almost
instructible construction.
• Rotor conductor: copper, aluminum bars
• Rotor bars are shorted by the end ring of same materials as
rotor bar
• The slots on the rotor are always not parallel to the motor
shaft but are usually skewed in order to obtain uniform
torque, reduce magnetic locking of the stator and rotor and
reduce the magnetic humming noise while running
• Since the rotor winding is permanently short circuited, there
is no possibility of adding any external resistance in the rotor
circuit.
Wound rotor:
• As the name implies, such a rotor is wound with an
insulated winding similar to that of the stator except that
the number of slots is smaller and fewer turns per phase of
a heavier conductors
• A large number of rotor turns increase the secondary
voltage and reduce the current that flows through the slip
rings.
• The rotor is wound for the same number of poles as that of
the stator.
• The rotor winding is always 3-phase winding even when the
stator is wound for two phase
• The rotor winding may be star or delta connected
but star connection is usually prefered.
Types of 3-phase Induction Motor
Based on Rotor Type
• Squirrel Cage Induction Motor: This type of induction motor
has a rotor made of conductive bars shorted at both ends by
end rings, forming a cage-like structure. It is the most
common type due to its simple and rugged construction, low
cost, and reliable operation. However, it has limited starting
torque and speed control capabilities.

• Wound Rotor Induction Motor: This type has a rotor winding

similar to the stator winding and is connected to external
resistors or controllers via slip rings. This configuration allows
for better control of starting torque and speed, making it
suitable for applications requiring variable speed and high
starting torque. However, it is more expensive and requires
more maintenance.
Based on the Number of Phases

• Single-Phase Induction Motor: These motors are used in

residential and small commercial applications where three-phase
power is not available. They are typically used in household
appliances, fans, and small machinery. Single-phase motors
require additional starting mechanisms, such as capacitors or
auxiliary windings, because they do not produce a rotating
magnetic field at startup.

• Three-Phase Induction Motor: These are the most commonly

used motors in industrial and commercial applications due to their
efficiency, reliability, and ability to produce a self-starting rotating
magnetic field. Three-phase motors do not require any external
starting mechanism and can handle higher power loads.
Principle of operation
The operation of an induction motor is based on Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction and Lenz's law. Here's a step-by-step
breakdown of the working principle:

• AC Supply to Stator: When an AC voltage is applied to the stator

windings, a rotating magnetic field (RMF) around the stator is
created. This field rotates at a synchronous speed (Ns), which is
determined by the frequency of the AC supply and the number of
poles in the motor.

• Induction in the Rotor: The rotating magnetic field passes through

the air gap and cuts the rotor conductors. According to Faraday’s
law, this induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the rotor
conductors. Since the rotor is a closed circuit, currents are induced
in the rotor.
• Production of Torque: The induced currents in the rotor produce their
own magnetic field, which interacts with the stator's rotating magnetic
field. According to Lenz's law, the rotor will start to rotate in the
direction of the rotating magnetic field to reduce the relative motion.
This interaction between the two fields generates a torque that causes
the rotor to turn.

• Asynchronous Operation: The rotor never reaches synchronous

speed (the speed of the stator’s rotating magnetic field) because, at
synchronous speed, there would be no relative motion between the
rotor and the magnetic field, and thus no induced EMF or current in the
rotor. The difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed is
called slip.
Reverse the direction of rotation of 3
phase induction motor
• To reverse the rotation of a three-phase
induction motor, simply interchange any two of
the three supply lines (A1, B1, and C1)
connected to the motor terminals. This changes
the phase sequence, which in turn changes the
direction of the rotating magnetic field, thus
reversing the motor's rotation.
Slip
Slip in Induction Motor is the relative speed between the rotating magnetic
flux and rotor expressed in terms of per unit synchronous speed. It is a
dimensionless quantity. The value of slip in induction motor can never be
zero.
If Ns and Nr being the synchronous speed of rotating magnetic
flux and rotor speed respectively, then the relative speed
between them is equal to (Ns – Nr).
Therefore, slip is defined as

Slip (s) = (Ns – Nr) / Ns

• As we know that, the speed of rotor cannot be equal to synchronous speed

i.e. Nr < Ns, the value of slip s is always less than one. For induction
motor, 0<s<1.

• When a three phase power supply is connected to the three phase stator
winding of induction motor, a rotating magnetic field is produced in the air
gap. The speed of this rotating magnetic field is called the synchronous
speed. Synchronous speed is determined by the number of poles (P) and
frequency (f) of power supply. Synchronous speed is equal to N = 120f / P
rps (revolution per second).
Numerical
1) A 3-phase, 4-pole, 50 Hz induction motor is running at
1455 rpm. Find the slip speed and slip
2) An 8-pole alternator runs at 750 rpm and supplies power to
a 6-pole induction motor which runs at 970 rpm. What is
the slip of the induction motor?
3) A 4-pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz star connected induction motor
has a full load slip of 4% . Calculate full load speed of
motor?
4) A 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor has a full load speed of
1460 rpm. Calculate slip, number of poles and frequency of
rotor induced emf? (frequency of rotor induced emf = s*f)
Frequency of Rotor Current
• The rotor runs in the direction of rotating field
• When the rotor is stationary, rotor conductors are being
cut by the rotating flux at Ns, therefore rotor frequency
(emf) is the same as that of supply freq.
• When the rotor starts revolving, the speed at which the
rotor conductors are being cut by the rotating flux
depend upon the relative speed between rotor and the
stator revolving magnetic field, called as slip speed.
• The freq of rotor current (or emf) induced by the relative
motion between rotor conductors and the stator
revolving magnetic field is given by
• Thus the freq of rotor current (or emf) in an induction
motor is given by the product of slip s and the supply
freq f. That is why, it is called as slip frequency.
Numerical:
1) An 8-pole alternator runs 750 rpm and supplies power
to a 4-pole induction motor. The frequency of rotor
current is 1.5 Hz. Determine the speed of the motor.
2) A 3-phase, 4-pole induction motor is supplied from 3-
phase, 50 hz AC supply. Calculate i) the Ns; ii) rotor
speed when slip is 4%, 6% and 8%; and iii) the rotor
freq when rotor runs at 600 rpm
Torque-Slip and Torque-Speed
curves
DC Machine
• DC machine is actually an alternating machine
furnished with a special device called commutator
• Commutator: AC to DC and vice versa
Essential parts of DC machines
1) Field system
• The field is the stationary part of a DC motor. A field is
usually constructed out of magnetic poles.
• The function of the field system is to produce uniform
magnetic field within which the armature rotates.
2) Field winding:
• The field winding plays a crucial role in creating the
magnetic field that drives the motor's operation. These
windings, typically made of copper wire, are wrapped
around the poles of the stator, and when energized with
DC current, they produce a magnetic field

3) Field Pole:
• In a DC machine, field poles consist of a pole core and
pole shoe, working together to create a magnetic field.
The pole core, often made of cast steel or iron, is
typically a solid piece, while the pole shoe is laminated
and attached to the pole core. The pole shoe spreads
the magnetic flux and supports the field coils
4) Armature:
• The armature is the moving part of a DC motor. It
moves in the field to complete the DC machine’s
electro-mechanical energy conversion.
• It consists of a laminated core, armature winding,
commutator, and shaft
• Armature winding is classified into two types namely
lap winding as well as wave winding. The main
difference between these two is, in the lap winding,
One of the major difference between them is that in a
lap winding, the last part of every coil is associated with
the nearby sector while in the wave winding the last
part of armature coil is associated with the commutator
sector at a distance apart.
• Lap Winding
• Wave Winding
5) Commutator
• The spinning armature and its brushes produce an
alternating electromagnetic field (EMF) that can disrupt
the operation of a DC machine. A commutator in
conjunction with commutating poles resolves the
alternating EMF and prevents the brushes from
sparking.
• It is an mechanical rectifier which converts the
alternating voltage generate in armature winding into
direct voltages across the brushes. It is made of
copper segment insulated from each other by suitable
insulating material and mounted on the shaft of
machine.
6) Carbon Brushes
• Brushes are used to collect the electric charge from the
armature. They must be supported by brush holders.
The yoke and bearings provide mechanical support to
the DC machine’s spinning armature, allowing smooth,
steady motion while mitigating friction.
• Purpose of carbon brushes to made the connection b/w
the rotating commutator and stationary external load
circuit.
• It is used to reduced sparking and provide the better
connection.
EMF equation of DC machine
Types of DC Machines
The excitation of the DC machine is classified into two
types namely separate excitation, as well as self-
excitation. In a separate excitation type of dc machine,
the field coils are activated with a separate DC source. In
the self-excitation type of dc machine, the flow of current
throughout the field-winding is supplied with the
machine. The principal kinds of DC machines are
classified into four types which include the following.
• Separately excited DC machine
• Shunt-wound/shunt machine.
• Series wound/series machine.
• Compound wound / compound machine.
Numerical
1) A six pole lap wound armature has 840 conductors
and flux per pole of 0.018 wb. Calculate the emf
generated when the machine is running at 600 rpm
2) A dc generator has an armature emf of 100 volt when
the useful flux per pole is 20 mWb, and the speed is
800 rpm. Calculate the generated emf i) with the
same flux and a speed of 1000 rpm, ii) with a flux per
pole of 24 mWb and a speed of 900 rpm.
3) A 4 pole lap wound armature has 144 slots with two
coil sides per slot, each coil having two turns. If the
flux per pole is 20 mWb and armature rotates at 720
rpm, what is the induced voltage.