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Digital Image Processing:

Introduction
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Introduction

“One picture is worth more than ten

thousand words”
Anonymous
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References
Text Book
“Digital Image Processing”, Rafael C.
Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods,
Addison-Wesley, 2002
– Much of the material that follows is taken from
this book
Reference
“Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing”
by Anil K Jain
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What is a Digital Image?
A digital image is a representation of a two-
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

dimensional image as a finite set of digital

values, called picture elements or pixels
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What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Pixel values typically represent gray levels,
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

colours, heights, opacities etc

Remember digitization implies that a digital
image is an approximation of a real scene

1 pixel
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What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Common image formats include:
– 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
– 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and “Alpha”,
a.k.a. Opacity)

For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale

images
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What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital image processing focuses on two
major tasks
– Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretation
– Processing of image data for storage,
transmission and representation for
autonomous machine perception
Some argument about where image
processing ends and fields such as image
analysis and computer vision start
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History of Digital Image Processing
Early 1920s: One of the first applications of
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

digital imaging was in the news-

paper industry
– The Bartlane cable picture
transmission service Early digital image

– Images were transferred by submarine cable

between London and New York
– Pictures were coded for cable transfer and
reconstructed at the receiving end on a
telegraph printer
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History of DIP (cont…)
1960s: Improvements in computing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

technology and the onset of the space race

led to a surge of work in digital image
processing
– 1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
– Such techniques were used
A picture of the moon taken
in other space missions by the Ranger 7 probe
including the Apollo landings minutes before landing
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History of DIP (cont…)
1970s: Digital image processing begins to
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

be used in medical applications

– 1979: Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial Typical head slice CAT
Tomography (CAT) scans image
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History of DIP (cont…)
1980s - Today: The use of digital image
processing techniques has exploded and
they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all
kinds of areas
– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
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Examples: Image Enhancement
One of the most common uses of DIP
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

techniques: improve quality, remove noise

etc
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Examples: Artistic Effects
Artistic effects are
used to make
images more
visually appealing,
to add special
effects and to make
composite images
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Examples: Medicine
Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart,
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

and find boundaries between types of tissue

– Image with gray levels representing tissue
density
– Use a suitable filter to highlight edges

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

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Examples: GIS
Geographic Information Systems
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

– Digital image processing techniques are used

extensively to manipulate satellite imagery
– Terrain classification
– Meteorology
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Examples: Industrial Inspection
Human operators are
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

expensive, slow and

unreliable
Make machines do the
job instead
Industrial vision systems

are used in all kinds of

industries
Can we trust them?
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Examples: PCB Inspection
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
– Machine inspection is used to determine that
all components are present and that all solder
joints are acceptable
– Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging
are used
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Examples: Law Enforcement
Image processing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

techniques are used

extensively by law
enforcers
– Number plate
recognition for speed
cameras/automated
toll systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of
CCTV images
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Examples: HCI
Try to make human
computer interfaces more
natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition
Does anyone remember the
user interface from “Minority
Report”?
These tasks can be
extremely difficult
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Fundamental steps or Elements of digital
36 image processing systems

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
36 Image Aquisition
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
36 Image Enhancement
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
36 Image Restoration
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
36 Morphological Processing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
36 Segmentation
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
36 Object Recognition
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
36 Representation & Description
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
36 Image Compression

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
36 Colour Image Processing

Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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Components of Digital Image
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Processing
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of Components of Digital Image Processing:
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• Image Sensors:
Image sensors senses the intensity, amplitude, co-ordinates and other features of the images
and passes the result to the image processing hardware. It includes the problem domain.
• Image Processing Hardware:
Image processing hardware is the dedicated hardware that is used to process the instructions
obtained from the image sensors. It passes the result to general purpose computer.
• Computer:
Computer used in the image processing system is the general purpose computer that is used
by us in our daily life.
• Image Processing Software:
Image processing software is the software that includes all the mechanisms and algorithms that
are used in image processing system.
• Mass Storage:
Mass storage stores the pixels of the images during the processing.
• Hard Copy Device:
Once the image is processed then it is stored in the hard copy device. It can be a pen drive or
any external ROM device.
• Image Display:
It includes the monitor or display screen that displays the processed images.
• Network:
Network is the connection of all the above elements of the image processing system.
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Model of Image
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Image Acquisition
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illuminance or light intensity (The foot-candle is defined

as one lumen per square foot.)
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Basic relationships between pixels
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Mixed adjacency is a modification of the 8- adjacency. It is

introduced to eliminate ambiguities of 8-adjacency. The role
of m-adjacency is to define a single path between pixels.
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• What are different image file formats?

• JPEG (or JPG) - Joint Photographic Experts

Group. ...
• PNG - Portable Network Graphics. ...
• GIF - Graphics Interchange Format. ...
• TIFF - Tagged Image File. ...
• PSD - Photoshop Document. ...
• PDF - Portable Document Format. ...
• EPS - Encapsulated Postscript. ...
• AI - Adobe Illustrator Document.
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Two dimensional convolution and
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Correlation
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