ISO 9001, ISO 14001 &

WELCOME TO
OHSAS 18001Certified

Shahid Shahed Shuvo

Deputy Director
Chief Engineer (P&O)
 Outlines
 Fault in Power System
Necessity of Protection in Power System
Operating Characteristics of Protective Relay
Time Grading for Co-ordination
Co-ordination
Fault Elimination
 Topics

A. Different Types of Fault in Distribution System

B. Necessity & Requirement of Protection System
C. Relay/ACR Co-ordination Philosophy
 Topic-A

Faults in Distribution System

 What is Meant by “Fault”
In electric power system, a fault may be defined as-
Abnormal flow of electric current as a result of
short circuit (mainly causes due to insulation failure).
Sudden over-shoot or dip of voltage (lightning &
switching impulse, earth-fault in delta system etc.).
Sudden over-shoot or dip of system frequency
(depends on generation and demand).
Statistics of Fault according to Location

Location of Fault Amount in Percentage

Transmission/Distribution Lines 85
SS Busbars, Switchgear & LA 12
Transformer & Generator 3
Total 100
 Types of Electrical Fault(1/2)
Transient fault: Typical examples of transient faults
include:
Momentary tree contact
Bird or other animal contact
Lightning strike
Conductor clashing
Permanent fault: Typical examples of transient faults
include:
Tower collapse
Broken conductor
Cracked Insulator Disc etc.
 Types of Electrical Fault(2/2)
Symmetric fault:  Fault Loops:
A symmetric or balanced 1. R-Ø to Ground
fault affects each of the three 2. Y-Ø to Ground
phases equally. 3. B-Ø to Ground
(Example Three phase fault) 4. R-Ø to Y-Ø
5. Y-Ø to B-Ø
Asymmetric fault: 6. B-Ø to R-Ø
An asymmetric or unbalance 7. R-Ø to Y-Ø to Ground
d fault does not affect each of 8. Y-Ø to B-Ø to Ground
the three phases equally. 9. B-Ø to R-Ø to Ground
(Example Single phase fault). 10.R-Ø to Y-Ø to B-Ø
11.R-Ø to Y-Ø to B-Ø to
Ground
 Types of Electrical Fault(1/2)
a a a
b b b
Φ/E c c c

e e e

a a a
b b b
Φ/ Φ /E c c c

e e e
Types of Electrical Fault(2/2)
a a a
b b b
Φ/ Φ c c c

e e e

a a
b b
c 3Φ/ E c
3Φ
e e
 Topic-B

Necessity & Requirement of Protection System

 Why Protection is Required
1. To protect people & property.
2. To protect costly electrical equipment.
3. To separate faulty segment within a quickest
possible time.
4. To ensure normal operation of the remaining
system.
 How Protection is Implemented
1. By using various types of protective relays
associated with breaker.
2. By using lightning arrestors (LA) for lightning
impulse, switching impulse and sudden voltage
overshoot.
3. By using fuse (generally in 11kV to lower voltage
levels.)
4. By using MCB & MCCB (in secondary system)
 Protection System Elements

 Protective Relays
 Instrument transformer
 Circuit Breaker
 DC Supply System
 Control Cables
Sequence of Protection Operation
Pickup of protection
Fault element

Assertion of relay Operation of protection

trip logic signal element

Action of relay trip

contact Circuit breaker opening

Fault cleared
Example of Protective Relay Operation
Sub-Station A

CB CT (Delivering Load Current)

PT (Delivering Healthy Voltage)

Trip Contact

Protective Relay

Other output Contacts

Example of Protective Relay Operation
Sub-Station A

CB

Protective
Relay
Example of Protective Relay Operation
Fault Current is being
Delivered to Relay
Sub-Station A

CB

Protective
Relay

Unhealthy Voltage is
being Delivered to
Relay
Example of Protective Relay Operation
Trip Contact Closes
Sub-Station A

CB

Protective
Relay

Other Contact Closes

(Depending on
Configuration)
Example of Protective Relay Operation
Trip Command to CB
Sub-Station A

CB

Protective
Relay

To Annunciator

To SCADA/DFDR
Example of Protective Relay Operation
Sub-Station A
CB Open

Protective
Relay
Function Requirements of Protective Relay
Fundamental Requirements:
1. Reliability
2. Selectivity
3. Sensitivity
4. Speed

Optional Requirements
1. Cost
2. Simplicity
Reliability
There are two facets to Protection System reliability;
i. Dependability, and
ii.Security
Dependability: The facet of reliability that relates to
the degree of certainty that a relay or relay system
will operate correctly.”
Security: That facet of reliability that relates to the
degree of certainty that a relay or relay system will
not operate incorrectly.”
Selectivity: The protection system must be able to discriminate
(select) between those conditions for which prompt operation is
required and those for which no operation, or time delayed
operation is required.

Sensitivity: The relaying equipment must be sufficiently

sensitive so that it operates reliably when required under the
actual conditions that produces least operating tendency.

Speed: The relay must operate at the required speed. It should

neither be too slow which may result in damage to the
equipment nor should it be too fast which may result in
undesired operation.
 Inputs of Protective Relay
Analog Inputs:
– Current Input from CT (Depends on Protective Relay)
– Voltage Input from PT (Depends on Protective Relay)
Digital Inputs (Depends on Relay Type & Model):
– CB/DS Status
– CB Manual Closing Command Status
– Tele-protection Signals Rx etc.
 Outputs of Protective Relay
Command Outputs:
Trip Command to CB or Lock-Out Relay (Automatic)
Auto-Reclosing Command (Depends on Protective Relay)
Switch-Gear Remote Manual Closing/Opening Command
Annunciation & Other Outputs:
Alarm Signal to the Annunciator
Annunciation to the SCADA System (Optional)
Triggering Signal to the DFDR (Optional)
Internal Event and Fault Recording (Applicable only for
Digital Relays and Configuration Dependent ) etc.
 Topic-C

Relay/ACR Co-ordination Philosophy

Operating Characteristics of Protective
Relay
 Overcurrent protection function
 Earth fault protection function
 Directional function
 Differential protection function
 REF protection function
 Over Current & Earth Fault Protection
 Over current (O/C) protection is used to protect an electrical
system or equipment from over current faults like
overloading or short circuit current.

 Earth fault (E/F) relays are used to protect an electrical

system or equipment from short circuit between phase(s) to
earth. Earth fault relays are also called residual over current
or neutral over current protection.

 O/C & E/F relays are used for over current and earth fault
protection
 Co-ordination Method

Co-ordination can be made by :

i. Co-ordination by Current
ii.Co-ordination by Time
iii.Co-ordination by both Time & Current
 Classification of OC Relays
1. Instantaneous Over current Relays (50)
2. Definite Time Over current Relays (51)
3. Inverse Time Over current Relays (51)
4. Directional Over current Relays (67)

Definite Time O/C Inverse Definite Time O/C

 Instantaneous OC Relays (IOC)

Operation of IOC relay is time independent. When fault

occurs it immediately trips / isolates the circuit. It can be
effectively applied to distribution feeder circuits.
 Inverse Time Over Current Relays
In inverse time over current relays, operating time is
inversely changed with current, i.e. high current will operate
the relay faster than lower current values.
Generally four types of time-over current curves are used-
1.Standard inverse
2.Very inverse, and
3.Extremely inverse
4.Long-time inverse

- IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time)

 0.14
Tripping Time(s)  0.02
Tms
 I Fault 
  1
 I pickup 

IEC Standard Inverse Curve Formula

 Co-ordination
 Fault current
 Relay tripping time
 Time Grading
Pick-up current/ Load Current
 Curve & TMS
Procedure of Co-ordination
Procedure of Co-ordination
Procedure of Co-ordination
Step-1: Draw SLD of the Power System
Grid 132kV bus
T1 Transformer 3ɸ Symmetrical Fault= 4003
132/33 kV, MVA
80MVA
%Z= 15, DYN1
Grid 33kV bus

33kV Line
10Km, 477MCM(HAWK)

REB 33kV bus

T2 Transformer
33/11 kV, 10MVA
%Z= 8.5, DYN1

REB 11kV bus

Step-2: PU Representation of the Circuit
V 33kV ZT
I Z line
Z load

Z line,p.u. X T, p.u.

Z load,p.u.
Step-2: PU Representation of the Circuit
Grid 132kV bus Section Z1,PU=Z2,PU Z0,PU

132kV j0.02498 -
Grid 33kV bus
T1 j0.1875 j0.1875

33kV Line 0.1232+ j0.2955 0.2668+j0.76

REB 33kV bus
T2 j0.85 j0.85

Ztotal,PU 0.1232+ j1.35798

(Ztotal)actual 0.1491+j1.6432
REB 11kV bus
Step-3: Calculate the Maximum Short Ckt Current

Grid 132kV bus

Grid 33kV bus 3ɸ (1ɸ)Max (1ɸ)Min

Fault
Level (A) 8234 8570 452

REB 33kV bus (1ɸ)Max (1ɸ)Min

3ɸ
Fault
Level (A) 3348 2584 403

REB 11kV bus

3ɸ (1ɸ)Max (1ɸ)Min
Fault
Level (A) 3849 4405 154
Step-4: Fixing the Tripping Time
Grid 132kV bus

Grid 33kV bus

REB 33kV bus

Relay Tripping Time= 600+Time grading
=900 ms

Relay Tripping Time= 300+Time grading

=600 ms
REB 11kV bus
Relay Tripping Time= 300 ms
 Co-ordination Time Grading
 Operating time difference between two devices to
ensure that downstream device will clear fault before
upstream device trips.
Traditional Grading Margin between Relays
CB Interruption Time - 50-100 ms
Relay Overshoot - 30-50 ms
Relay Timing & CT Errors - 100-150 ms
Safety Margin - 100 ms
Total - 300-400 ms
The overshoot time is defined as the difference between the operating time of a relay at a specified value
of input current and the maximum duration of input current, which when suddenly reduced below the relay
operating level, is insufficient to cause relay operation.
Step-5: Fixing the Max Peak Load Current
Grid 132kV bus

Grid 33kV bus

REB 33kV bus

Max Peak Load Current= 200A

Max Peak Load Current= 600A

REB 11kV bus
Max Peak Load Current= 200A
Step-6: Curve Selection

Curve: IEC-SI

Curve: IEC-SI

Curve: IEC-SI
 Step-6: Calculate the Tms
Calculation for 11kV Outgoing Relay: For Curve IEC-SI
0.14
Tripping Time (s)  Tms
Fault Current Max Peak Load Current 
0.02
1
0.14
0.3  Tms
3849 200
0.02
1
Tms 0.13

Calculation for 11kV Incomer Relay: For Curve IEC-SI

0.14
Tripping Time (s)  Tms
Fault Current Max Peak Load Current  0.02
1
0.14
0.6  Tms
3849600 0.02
1
Tms 0.16
 Input Parameter/Data for Settings

Pick up Current/ Load Current

 Curve
Tms
Instantaneous/ DMT Setting
 Present Co-ordination Plan
SS Type Relay/ ACR Protection Pick up Inst. Setting
Curve TMS
Capacity Position Type (A) (A)

OC 180 IEC-SI 0.07 1000

33kV XR
Incomer
EF 30 IEC-SI 0.05 500
Outdoor
10MVA
OC Max 200 IEC-SI 0.05 2000
11kV
Outgoing
EF 50 or 30 IEC-SI 0.15 1500

OC Pick up< 1MW (60A)

OC Pick up> 1MW (60A)
 Present Co-ordination Plan
SS Type Relay/ ACR Protection Pick up Inst. Setting
Curve TMS
Capacity Position Type (A) (A)
33kV Line OC 260 IEC-SI 0.1 1400
Incomer EF 40 IEC-SI 0.05 500
33kV XR OC 200 IEC-SI 0.075 1000
Incomer EF 40 IEC-SI 0.05 500
Indoor 11kV OC 600 IEC-SI 0.06 2400
10MVA Incomer-1/2 EF 120 IEC-SI 0.18 2000
11kV OC Max 200 IEC-SI 0.05 2000
Outgoing EF 50 or 30 IEC-SI 0.15 1500
11kV Bus OC 700 IEC-SI 0.1 5000
Coupler EF 200 IEC-SI 0.2 5000
Over Current (OC) Co-
ordination
Earth Fault (EF) Co-ordination
THANKS