CELL

Fundamental unit of life

 Cell
Basic and fundamental unit of life,
it possesses a highly organized
structure that enables it to carry
out its vital functions.
 Prokaryotic Prokaryotic
Dispersed genetic material
Lack a defined
nucleus in the cytoplasm.

Plant

Types Cellulose cell wall;

chloroplasts and vacuoles.

of Cells
Animal
Rigid cell wall;
may have flagella.
Eukaryotic
Have a defined
nucleus
Protist
They can have a cell wall,
without differentiated tissues.

Fungal
Chitin Cell Wall;
they are heterotrophs.
 Eukaryotes prokaryotes
Organelles are bound in a membrane lack a membrane-bound nucleus and
organelles
table of
contain cytoplasm that is enclosed by a cell
membrane
Cell.
contain cytoplasm Types
membrane
02
thatofiscells:
enclosed
components.
by a cell

contents:
perform protein synthesis using ribosomes perform protein synthesis using ribosomes
03 04
more complex Generally, are smaller
Structure and basic functions.Protein synthesis.

multicellular unicellular
05 06
Energy supply. Cellular digestion.
have multiple, paired, diploid (2n) has a single haploid (n) chromosome
chromosomes
chromosomes are linear and associated with
07 chromosomes are circular
08 or linear
histone proteins Support and movement. Storage and transportation.

ribosomes are larger have ribosomes

 Composed of several fundamental components

Ribosome Rough endoplasmic

Cell membrane Nucleus Golgi Apparatus
reticulum.

Lysosome and
Mitochondria Chloroplasts peroxisome Centriole Microtubules
Structure and basic
functions
These components work together to maintain cellular
homeostasis and perform essential life activities.
 Cell membrane

The cell membrane surrounds the

cell and is a selective barrier
between the interior and the
exterior.
Its primary role lies in regulating
the passage of substances,
including nutrients and waste
materials.
Within it, specialized proteins play
a crucial role in facilitating
molecular transport and cellular
communication.
 Cell nucleus

An organelle that houses DNA,

located in the center of eukaryotic
cells.

Its primary function is to store and

safeguard genetic information,
controlling gene expression and
DNA replication.

It also contains the nucleolus,

which is involved in ribosome
synthesis.
 Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is a gel-like matrix

containing water, salts, proteins,
and other molecules. It occupies
the intracellular space between the
cell membrane and the nucleus.

It plays a crucial role in

biochemical reactions, energy
production, and substance
transport. Essential for cellular
metabolism, it provides structural
support to the cell.
 Protein Synthesis

Building and repairing cellular structures, regulating

biological processes, and expressing specific characteristics
of each organism.
 Ribosome
Ribosomes are essential
organelles for cellular functioning
and survival.
They synthesize proteins using the
genetic information from
messenger RNA (mRNA), which is
crucial for cellular structure,
function, and regulation.

Ribosomes are located in the

cytoplasm and the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic reticulum

A network of interconnected membranes

that extends from the nuclear membrane
to the cell membrane. It plays a
fundamental role in the transport,
processing, and distribution of proteins
and lipids within the cell.
There are two main types of ER:

• The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

(RER) is studded with ribosomes and
is involved in the synthesis and
modification of proteins.

• The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

(SER) specializes in lipid synthesis,
carbohydrate metabolism, and
detoxification.
 Golgi apparatus
Key in the processing and packaging of
proteins and lipids produced in the
endoplasmic reticulum.

It synthesizes carbohydrates and

lipoproteins and is essential for
maintaining the cell's internal balance
and facilitating communication with the
outside.

Composed of a series of flattened sacs

called cisternae, it acts as the 'shipping
center' of the cell, sorting and packaging
proteins into vesicles for transport and
distribution.
 Energy Supply

To carry out vital functions and necessary metabolic

processes essential for the proper functioning of the cell
and/or organism.
 Mitochondria

Present in eukaryotic animal and

plant cells. Their primary function is
energy generation through cellular
respiration (ATP production).

The double membrane of

mitochondria allows for the
organization of various stages of the
respiratory chain, making it crucial
for cellular function and survival.
 Chloroplasts
Exclusive to plant cells and
photosynthetic organisms,
chloroplasts carry out
photosynthesis, converting solar
energy into chemical energy.
During photosynthesis, they
synthesize glucose and other
organic compounds using carbon
dioxide and water, releasing oxygen
as a byproduct.
They are responsible for the crucial
production of oxygen that sustains
the planet.
 Cellular Digestion

It involves breaking down molecules and unwanted

materials, enabling the recycling of nutrients and cellular
maintenance.
 Lysosomes Peroxisomes
They contain enzymes that
They contain digestive enzymes
degrade hydrogen peroxide and
that break down molecules and
toxic compounds, thereby
unwanted cellular materials.
protecting the cell from oxidative
damage.
They facilitate cellular digestion, Additionally, they play a role in
by disposing of waste, recycling the synthesis and degradation of
nutrients, and defending against lipids and bile acids, regulating
pathogenic invasions. lipid metabolism and overall
homeostasis.
 Support and
Movement
Maintaining cellular shape, enabling cellular movement
and division, are essential for its functioning and survival.
 Cytoskeleton

It is composed of protein filaments

(microtubules, microfilaments, and
intermediate filaments) and provides
support and enables movement in
eukaryotic cells.

Its specific functions encompass

stability, intracellular transport, and
contraction. Furthermore, it
regulates cellular shape and plays a
role in division, migration, and
communication.
Flagella and cilia

Specialized structures for

movement. They are elongated
and enable locomotion in liquid
environments, whereas cilia are
shorter and create coordinated
flow on the cell surface.

Composed of microtubules in a
'9+2' pattern, they are essential
for sperm motility.
 Storage and
Transportation
They manage nutrients, eliminate waste,
and regulate metabolic processes.
 Vacuoles

Membrane-bound organelles found in

plant cells and some animal cells.
They store nutrients, water, ions, and
waste materials, regulating turgor
pressure
and osmotic balance.

Vacuoles can also be involved in the

digestion of substances and serve as
a defense mechanism against
predators
by containing toxins.
 Vesicles and
endosomes
Membranous vesicles that transport
specific materials between
organelles and the cell membrane.

Vesicles: They transport materials

from the endoplasmic reticulum
and the Golgi apparatus to other
destinations.

Endosomes: They capture and

distribute materials for
degradation, recycling, or their
incorporation into metabolic
pathways.
Any questions?
 Unicellular
Examples:
1. Amoeba
• Single-celled 2. Paramecium
organism 3. Euglena
• Autotropic- can 4. Yeast
produce their own
food
 multicellular
Examples:
1. Humans
• Composed of many 2. Animals
cells 3. Plants
• Visible in naked eye
• Eukaryotes
Plant Cell
and
Animal Cell
Animal Cell