CELL
Fundamental unit of life
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Cell
Basic and fundamental
unit of life, it possesses a
highly organized structure
that enables it to carry
out its vital functions.
table of 01 02
Cell Theory Cell Organelles and
contents: Functions
03 04
Prokaryotic vs Cell Types
Eukaryotic Cells
05
Cell Modification
CELL THEory
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CELL THEory
Describes where the term “cell” and the other
basic information about the cell came from.
Cell is the basic unit of life. It is the building block
of all organisms. There are organisms that are
made up of only one cell called unicellular
organisms.
microscope
Hans and Zacharias Jansen,
Dutch inventors, made the first
simple microscope in 1590.
history
Robert Hooke, 1665
• Coined the word “cell”
to describe the
chamber-like structures
in a piece of cork.
• He thought that only
plants and fungi are
made of cells.
history
Anton van Leeuwenhoek,
1676
• Observed sperm cells, red
blood cells, bacteria, and
other microscopic
organisms in rainwater
after his invention of a
more powerful microscope.
• Named the tiny living
history
Robert Brown, 1831
• A leading botanist of his
time
• Compared different kinds of
plant specimens under the
microscope
• Observed that all plants are
made up of cell.
• Termed the word “nucleus”
history
Other scientists who contributed to the
formation of Cell Theory
• Matthias Schleiden (1838), concluded all plant
parts are made of cell.
• Theodore Schwann (1839), stated all animals
tissues are composed of cells.
• Rudolf Virchow (1858), all cells comes from pre-
existing cells.
The Three postulates
1. All living things are composed of one or
more cells.
The Three postulates
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living
things.
The Three postulates
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
A. Choose the scientist who was credited for each of
the following discoveries.
Rudolf Virchow Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Matthias Schleiden Theodore Schwann
Robert Hooke Robert Brown
1. The thousands of tiny empty chambers in a cork
are called cells.
2. Tiny living things can be observed.
3. All plants are made up of cells.
4. All animals are made up of cells
5. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
6. Found the dense spot in a cell called nucleus.
Complete the three basic components of the cell
theory by arranging these words.
1. ORGANISMS OF CELLS ARE ALL MORE LIVING
COMPOSED OR ONE.
2. OF BASIC CELL THE UNIT IS LIFE
3. COME CELLS PRE-EXISTING CELLS ALL FROM
CELLS.
Prokaryotic Prokaryotic
Dispersed genetic material
Lack a defined
nucleus in the cytoplasm.
Plant
Types Cellulose cell wall;
chloroplasts and vacuoles.
of Cells
Animal
Rigid cell wall;
may have flagella.
Eukaryotic
Have a defined
nucleus
Protist
They can have a cell wall,
without differentiated tissues.
Fungal
Chitin Cell Wall;
they are heterotrophs.
Composed of several fundamental components
Ribosome Rough endoplasmic
Cell membrane Nucleus Golgi Apparatus
reticulum.
Lysosome and
Mitochondria Chloroplasts peroxisome Centriole Microtubules
Structure and basic
functions
These components work together to maintain cellular
homeostasis and perform essential life activities.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane surrounds the
cell and is a selective barrier
between the interior and the
exterior.
Its primary role lies in regulating
the passage of substances,
including nutrients and waste
materials.
Within it, specialized proteins play
a crucial role in facilitating
molecular transport and cellular
communication.
Cell nucleus
An organelle that houses DNA,
located in the center of eukaryotic
cells.
Its primary function is to store and
safeguard genetic information,
controlling gene expression and
DNA replication.
It also contains the nucleolus,
which is involved in ribosome
synthesis.
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a gel-like matrix
containing water, salts, proteins,
and other molecules. It occupies
the intracellular space between the
cell membrane and the nucleus.
It plays a crucial role in
biochemical reactions, energy
production, and substance
transport. Essential for cellular
metabolism, it provides structural
support to the cell.
Protein Synthesis
Building and repairing cellular structures, regulating
biological processes, and expressing specific characteristics
of each organism.
Ribosome
Ribosomes are essential
organelles for cellular functioning
and survival.
They synthesize proteins using the
genetic information from
messenger RNA (mRNA), which is
crucial for cellular structure,
function, and regulation.
Ribosomes are located in the
cytoplasm and the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic reticulum
A network of interconnected membranes
that extends from the nuclear membrane
to the cell membrane. It plays a
fundamental role in the transport,
processing, and distribution of proteins
and lipids within the cell.
There are two main types of ER:
• The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(RER) is studded with ribosomes and
is involved in the synthesis and
modification of proteins.
• The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
(SER) specializes in lipid synthesis,
carbohydrate metabolism, and
detoxification.
Golgi apparatus
Key in the processing and packaging of
proteins and lipids produced in the
endoplasmic reticulum.
It synthesizes carbohydrates and
lipoproteins and is essential for
maintaining the cell's internal balance
and facilitating communication with the
outside.
Composed of a series of flattened sacs
called cisternae, it acts as the 'shipping
center' of the cell, sorting and packaging
proteins into vesicles for transport and
distribution.
Energy Supply
To carry out vital functions and necessary metabolic
processes essential for the proper functioning of the cell
and/or organism.
Mitochondria
Present in eukaryotic animal and
plant cells. Their primary function is
energy generation through cellular
respiration (ATP production).
The double membrane of
mitochondria allows for the
organization of various stages of the
respiratory chain, making it crucial
for cellular function and survival.
Chloroplasts
Exclusive to plant cells and
photosynthetic organisms,
chloroplasts carry out
photosynthesis, converting solar
energy into chemical energy.
During photosynthesis, they
synthesize glucose and other
organic compounds using carbon
dioxide and water, releasing oxygen
as a byproduct.
They are responsible for the crucial
production of oxygen that sustains
the planet.
Cellular Digestion
It involves breaking down molecules and unwanted
materials, enabling the recycling of nutrients and cellular
maintenance.
Lysosomes Peroxisomes
They contain enzymes that
They contain digestive enzymes
degrade hydrogen peroxide and
that break down molecules and
toxic compounds, thereby
unwanted cellular materials.
protecting the cell from oxidative
damage.
They facilitate cellular digestion, Additionally, they play a role in
by disposing of waste, recycling the synthesis and degradation of
nutrients, and defending against lipids and bile acids, regulating
pathogenic invasions. lipid metabolism and overall
homeostasis.
Support and
Movement
Maintaining cellular shape, enabling cellular movement
and division, are essential for its functioning and survival.
Cytoskeleton
It is composed of protein filaments
(microtubules, microfilaments, and
intermediate filaments) and provides
support and enables movement in
eukaryotic cells.
Its specific functions encompass
stability, intracellular transport, and
contraction. Furthermore, it
regulates cellular shape and plays a
role in division, migration, and
communication.
Flagella and cilia
Specialized structures for
movement. They are elongated
and enable locomotion in liquid
environments, whereas cilia are
shorter and create coordinated
flow on the cell surface.
Composed of microtubules in a
'9+2' pattern, they are essential
for sperm motility.
Storage and
Transportation
They manage nutrients, eliminate waste,
and regulate metabolic processes.
Vacuoles
Membrane-bound organelles found in
plant cells and some animal cells.
They store nutrients, water, ions, and
waste materials, regulating turgor
pressure
and osmotic balance.
Vacuoles can also be involved in the
digestion of substances and serve as
a defense mechanism against
predators
by containing toxins.
Vesicles and
endosomes
Membranous vesicles that transport
specific materials between
organelles and the cell membrane.
Vesicles: They transport materials
from the endoplasmic reticulum
and the Golgi apparatus to other
destinations.
Endosomes: They capture and
distribute materials for
degradation, recycling, or their
incorporation into metabolic
pathways.
Thank you!
Any questions?
